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Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  instituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
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Couverture  de  couieur 


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Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicuiie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiquas  en  couieur 


r~7  Coloured  ink  (i.e.  ovher  than  blue  or  black)/ 
I — I   Encra  de  couieur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


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La  reliure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombro  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
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Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


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de  cet  exemplaira  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  imaga  raproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


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Pages  de  couieur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endom  magmas 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 


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I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


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Includes  supplementary  material/ 
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Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  6  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


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The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  eriing  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmi  fut  reprcduit  grAce  A  la 
gin^rositi  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t4  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exomplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  csrtes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
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5 


I, 


HEIL^ 


No.  6. 


I    Chatnplain 


AND 


His  Associates. 


VrV * 


Francis  Parkman. 


With   Introduction. 


^•>J<FNltf>IC>iC>|g>JCMC>JCMtf>IC^CNjr«»s|cMCM*MO|C>JCNMC^« 


NEW  YORK: 

Matkabd,  Merrill,  &  Co., 


1 


\. 


MAYNARD'S 
ENGLISH      CLASSIC     SERIES 

For  Classes  in  English  Literature.  Reading,  Grammar,  etc 

EDITED   BY   EMINENT  AMERICAN    AND  ENGLISH   SCHOLARS 


8 

4 


IMIffrim's 
and  other 


Bjroii— Prophecy  of  Dante,  Cantos  1. 

and  II. 
Miitun—I/Alleirro  and    II   Penseroso* 

with  SunnetN  and  other  PoemH. 
Lord  Bacon  -FNHttyN,  Cirll  and  Moral. 
BjrroH—The    Prisoner  of  C'hillou,  and 

other  PoeniN. 
6  Moore^-Iiiilla  Itookh.    Selertionn. 

6  (JoldNniith    The  DeHerteu  Village,  and 

other  PoeniK. 

7  8cott— SelertioMH  from  Marniion. 

8  Scott-  Selections  from  Lay  <jf  the  Last 

Minstrel. 
*  9  Burns-The  Cotter's  Saturday  Kight, 
and  other  Poems. 

10  Crabbe— TheVillMire.    Rooks  I.  and  II. 

11  Campbell— The    Pleasures    of    Hope. 

Abridgment  of  Part  I. 

12  MttcauIay-KNsay    on    the 

Progress. 

13  Macau  lay —The    Armada, 

Poems. 

14  Shakespeare — Selections. 

16  Uoldsmith-The  Traveller,  with  three 
prose  Kssays. 

16  Hogg- The  queen'sl  Wake. 

17  Coleridge -The  III  me  of  the  Ancient 

Mariner,    Chrlstabel,    and    other 
Poems. 

18  Add.'stin— Sir  Roger  de  CoTerley. 

19  (jlray— An  Kleiry  in  a  Country  Church* 

yard,  <tnd  other  Poems. 

20  Scott— Selections  from  The    Lady  of 

the  Lake. 

21  Shakespeare— Selections. 
92  ShakoKpeiire  Selections. 
88  Shakespeare— Selections. 

24  Shakespeare— Selections. 

25  Wordsworth— The  Kxrursion,  Book  I. 

(The  Wandbrek),  and  Ode  on  Ini- 
mortality. 

26  Pope— An    Kssay    on    Criticism,    and 

other  Poems. 

27  Spenser -The  Faerie  Queene,  Cantos 

1.  and  II.,  and  Prothalamion. 

28  Cowper-The     Task,    Book     I.   (The 

Sofa),  and  My  Mother^s  Picture. 

29  Milton  — Conius. 

30  Tennyson— Knoch  Arden;  The   Lotus- 
Eaters;  Vlysses;  and  Tithonus. 

IrTing— The  Sk  etch-Book.    Selec- 
tions. 

82  Dickens— A  Christmas  Carol.  Condsd. 
88  Carlyle-The     Hnro    as    Prophet: 
Mahomet ;  Islam. 
Macauiay-  Kssay  on  Warren  Hastings. 
Condensed 
86  floldsmith-The  Yinar  of  Wakefield. 
Condensed. 


81 


84 


80  Tennyson— The     Two    Tolcea,  and  A 

Dream  of  Fair  Women. 
87  Memory  (Quotations. 
38  Selections  fntm  the  Caralier  Poets. 
89  Dryden— Alexander's    Feast;     Mac> 

Flecknoe;  and  St.  Cecilia's  Day. 

40  Kents— The  Kveof  St.  Agues. 

41  Irving— The  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow* 
4'i  Lamb— Tales  from  Shakespeare. 

43  Le  Kow— How  to  Teach  Beading. 

44  Webster— The  Bunker  Hill  Monument 

Orations.    Condensed. 

45  The  Academy  Orthois'pist. 

46  Milton— Lycidas,  and    Hymn    on   the 

Kativity. 

47  Bryant- Thanatopsis,     and     other 

Poems. 

48  Buskin— Modern  Painters.  Selections. 
4M  The  Shakespeare  Speaker. 

50  Thackeray— Uouudubout      Papers* 

Selected. 

51  Webster— Oration    on     Adams     and 

Jefferson. 

52  Brown— Kab  and  his  Friends. 

53  Morris— Life  and  Death  of  Jaso... 

54  Burke— Speech  on  American  T..-,atIon. 

55  Pone-The    Bape  of  the    Locii,   and 

Epistle  to  Arbnthnot. 

56  Tennyson— Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
Tennyson-  In    Memoriam.       Condsd. 

Story    of   the    JEneid. 


5S 


Church— Tlie 
Abridged. 

59  Church-The  Story  of  the  Iliad.  Abgd. 

60  Swift— Gulliver's  Voyage  to  Liiliout. 

61  Slncaulay— Kssny  onLordBacou.  ADgd. 

62  Euripides— Alcestis. 

63  Sophocles — Antigone. 

64  Elizabeth     Barrett  Brownlng-S'> 

lected  PoeniM. 

65  Bobert  Browning— Selected  Poems. 

66  Addison— Selectious  from  The  8pee< 

tator. 

67  fleorge  Eilot— Scenes  from  Adam  Bede 

68  Matthew    Arnold— Selectious     from 

Culture  and  Anarchy. 

69  Do  (juincey  -Joan  of  Arc,  and  other 

Essays. 

70  Carlyle— An  Essay  on  Burns. 

71  Byron— Childe   Harold's    Pilgrimage, 

Cantos  I.  and  II. 

72  Poe— The  Haven,  and  other  Poems. 
73-74  Macaulay -Essay  on  Lord  Clive. 
75  Webster— Beply  to  llayne. 

76-77  Macaulay— Lays  of  Ancient  Bome. 
78  American  Patriotic  Selectious. 
79-HO  Scott-T  h  e  Lady   oMhe  Lako. 

Condensed. 
81-82  Scott— M  arm  ion.    Condensed. 
88-84  Pope— An  Essay  on  Man. 


T 


HISTORICAL  CLASSIC  READTNOS^No.  6. 


, 


Champlain  and  His  Associates. 


AN  ACCOUNT 


OF 


Early  French  Adventure  in  North  America. 


1 


BY 


FRANCIS  PARKMAN. 


. 


a^ftli  Sntroliuction  anH  £trpIanator$  Xotes« 


NEW  YORK: 

Maynard,  Merrill,  &  Co.,  Publishers, 


h^<0(,/ 


141458 


« 


C  i    I'arkman's  H^orks.    Library  Edition. 

Pi 

(S'iO.  The  Works  of  IVancUP^rkman,  as  follow.: 

rL    /           Fr^cb  and  England  in  North  America.    A  Series  of  Hib 
1. — . <  "^TORiCAL  Narratives.    7  vols. 

ComprUing: 

Pioneers  of  France  In  the  New  World.    1  vol. 

The  Jesuits  in  North  America.    1vol. 

La  Salle  and  the  Discovery  of  the  Great  West.    1  voL 

The  Old  Regime  in  Canada  under  Louis  XIV.    1  vol. 

Count  Frontenac  and  New  France  under  Louis  XIV.    1  vol. 

Montcalm  and  Wolfe.    2  vols. 

The  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  and  the  Indian  War  after  the 
Conquest  of  Canada.    2  vols. 

The  Jreoon  Trail:  Sketches  of  Prairie  and  Rockt  Moun- 
tain Life.    1  vol. 

In  all,  10  vols.    8vo.    With  Portraits  and  Maps.    Cloih,  |25.00. 


Parkman's  PVorks.    Popular  Edition, 

The  above,  in  10  vols.    12mo,  cloth,  in  a  very  attractive  style,  with  maps, 

portraits,  etc.    $15.00. 

This  new  edition  of  Francis  Parkman's  fascinating  Histories,  printed 
from  the  same  large  type  as  the  octavo  edition,  has  proved  very  success- 
ful, several  large  editions  having  been  sold.  With  the  exception  of 
"  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,"  Mr.  Parkman's  new  work,  the  Popular  Edition 
can  be  supplied  only  in  sets,  volumes  of  the  octavo  edition  alone  being 
lumished  separately. 


LiTTLB,  Bbown,  &  Company,  Publishers,  Boston. 


COPYRIOBT,   1890,   BY  EFFINGHAM   MaYNARD  &  Co. 


Biographical  Notice  of  the  Author. 


1 


s 


H- 


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led 

iSS- 

of 
ion 
ing 


Francis  Parkman,  the  son  of  an  esteemed  clergyman  of  the 
same  name»  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  September  16, 
1823.  Atter  completing  his  college  course  at  Harvard  in  1844, 
he  studied  law  for  two  years,  but  abandoned  it  in  1846.  He 
travelled  in  Europe  in  the  latter  part  of  1843  and  the  beginning 
of  1844,  and  in  1846  set  out  to  explore  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

He  lived  for  several  months  among  the  Dakota  Indians  and 
the  still  wilder  and  remoter  tribes,  and  incurred  hardships  and 
privations  that  made  him  an  invalid.  An  interesting  account  of 
this  expedition  is  given  in  his  book  The  Oregon  2raiL  Mr. 
Parkman  next  occupied  himself  with  historical  composition. 
Familiar  with  actual  Indian  life  on  and  beyond  the  frontier,  he 
naturally  turned  his  attention  to  the  many  picturesque  scenes  of 
a  similar  character  in  our  annals. 

His  chief  work  has  been  a  series  of  volumes  intended  to  illus- 
trate the  rise  and  fall  of  the  French  dominion  in  America,  which 
are  distinguished  for  brilliant  style  and  accurate  research.  By 
their  thoroughness  of  research,  revealing,  in  many  cases,  records 
in  manuscript  hitherto  inaccessible  ;  by  their  calm  and  judicious 
judgments,  and  by  their  picturesque  narratives,  these  volumes 
have  won  an  acceptance  as  classics  in  the  department  of  early 
American  history. 

"  The  settlement  of  North  America,  and  its  early  conquest  by 
the  French  ;  their  long  and  weary  battle  with  the  elements  and 
the  Indians  ;  their  splendid  discoveries  and  disastrous  mistakes ; 
the  great  effort  of  the  Roman  Church,  under  Jesuit  leadership, 
to  retrieve  her  losses  from  the  Reformation  by  the  conversion  of 


iiiniiiiArincAL  KOTJcr.  OF  Tin-:  Ami  on. 


the  rod  men  of  America ;  the  magnificent  deeds  of  heroism  and 
£rlorions  acts  of  niartyrdoni  which  accompanied  the  planting  of 
the  cross  on  the  St.  Jjuwrence  and  its  tril)utary  hikes,  and  in  the 
tar  West,  constitute  theouthne  of  Mr.  Parkman's  still  untinished 
work.  Hie  works  are  not  the  fancy  picture-painting  of  romance, 
})ut  the  conscientious  retracing  of  the  past,  till  the  wild  scenes 
of  the  forest  throh  and  thrill  with  life.  Their  value  consists  in 
fidelity  to  nature  and  actual  facts,  and  in  tracing  out  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  aborigines,  and  their  contact  with  the  first  civil- 
ization of  America. 

They  touch  the  very  springs  of  our  national  life.  They  show 
the  reasou  why  the  red  man  has  succumbed  to  his  white  brother, 
and  they  illustrate  the  struggle  between  liberty  and  absolutism. 
Thus,  though  dealing  with  events  of  two  centuries  ago,  and  de- 
scribing how  our  earliest  institutions  were  born  out  of  the  neces- 
sities of  the  hour,  they  record  the  first  beginnings  of  life  where 
now  many  millions  of  busy  feet  tread  in  the  paths  of  industry, 
and  where  strong  nations  have  entered  upon  the  fruits  of  their 
labor,  wlio  took  thoir  lives  in  their  hands  to  convert  the  wily 
Indian,  to  discover  a  new  pathway  to  China,  or  to  fill  their 
coffers  frovi  fabulous  mines  of  treasure.  It  is  a  noticeable  fact 
that  two  motives  led  to  all  the  discoveries  and  early  settlements 
in  this  country  out  of  New  England — the  greed  of  gold  and  the 
passion  for  converts.  What  Mr.  Parkman  calls  *'the  grand 
crisis  of  Canadian  history,"  the  English  conquest  had  a  much 
wider  application. 

**  England  imposed,  by  the  sword,  on  reluctant  Canada.,  the 
boon  of  national  and  ordered  liberty.  Through  centuries  of 
striving  she  had  advanced  from  stage  to  stage  of  progress, 
deliberate  and  calm,  never  breaking  with  her  past,  but  making 
each  fresh  gain  the  basis  of  a  new  success,  enlarging  popular 
liberties  while  bating  nothing  of  that  height  and  force  of  indi- 
vidual development  which  is  the  brain  and  heart  of  civiliza- 
tion ;  and  now,  through  a  hard-earned  victory,  she  taught  the 
conquered  colony  to  share  the  blessings  alu)  had  won.    A  happier 


BIOOHAPmCAL  NOTICE  O^  THE  AVTllon. 


.•5 


calumity  never  1)0 fell  a  people  than  the  conquest  of  CunaiLi  by 
British  arms/' 

What  England  did  for  Canada  she  has  done  for  the  United 
States  everywhere,  and  this  lirst  contaet  of  France,  and  then 
of  England  with  the  savage  life  of  America,  it  has  been  Mr. 
Parkman's  good  fortune  to  describe.  While  we  are  reading  an 
interesting  story  we  are  tracing  out  the  rude  hamlet  of  the  fore- 
fathers ;  and  the  ])ioneer,  the  trapper,  the  priest,  and  the  fur- 
trader  lead  in  the  march  of  civilization.  Though  the  stories  of 
these  pioneers  in  concpiest  and  religion  seem  already  remote  and 
legendary  in  face  of  the  occui)ution  of  the  land  they  once 
held  by  a  present  civilization,  and  though  the  trapper  and  the 
Indian  are  now  shorn  of  their  pristine  glory  and  will  soon  l-e- 
conie  the  relics  of  a  by-gone  age,  the  volumes  of  Mr.  Parknian 
can  never  grow  old  in  interest.  They  contain  too  nnu^h  which 
is  inwrought  with  our  very  life  to  become  obsolete,  and  they  are 
so  largely  the  history  of  the  first  era  of  civilization  in  Anierica, 
tliat,  though  the  fascination  and  chartn  of  logendarv  storv  are 
felt  on  every  page,  they  can  never  ptiss  into  the  list  of  old 
romance.  Mr.  Parkman  has  visited  France  several  times  to  ex- 
amine the  French  archives  in  connection  with  his  historical 
labors. 

His  publications  in  his  chosen  field  are:  "  The  Oregon  Trail;" 
**The  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac;"  '*  Pioneers  of  France  in  tlie  New 
World;"  *'»lesnirs  in  North  America;"  '' Discovery  of  the  Great 
West;"  *'The  Old  Regime  in  Canada;"  ''Count  Frontenac  and 
New  France  under  Louis  XIV.,"  and  '^^  Montcalm  and  Wolfe." 
Mr.  Parkman  is  at  the  present  time  (1888)  engaged  on  another 
volume  which  is  designed  to  complete  the  series. 


Q 


\ 


Champlain  and  His  Associates. 


CHAPTER  I. 


1488-1643. 

EARLY  FRENCH  ADVENTURE  IN  NORTPI  AMERICA. 

Traditions  of  French  Discovery.— Normans,  Bretons,  iiuoqnoP— Legends 
and  Superstitions.— Verrazzano.— Jacques  Cartier.— Quebec-  Iloche- 
laga. — Winter  Miseries.— Koberval. 

Long  before  the  ice-crusted  pines  of  Plymouth  had  listened 
to  the  rugged  psalmody  of  the  Puritan,  tlie  solitudes  of  Western 
New  York  and  the  shadowy  wilderness  of  Lake  Huron  were 
trodden  by  the  iron  heel  of  the  soldier  and  the  sandaled  foot  of 
the  Franciscan  friar.  France  was  the  true  pioneer  of  the  Great 
West.  They  wlio  bore  the  fleur-de-lis'  were  always  in  the  van, 
patient,  daring,  indomitable.  And  foremost  on  this  bright  roll 
of  forest-chivalry  stands  the  half -forgotten  name  of  Samuel  de 
Champlain. 

Samuel  de  Champlain  has  been  fitly  called  the  Father  of 
New  France.  In  liim  were  embodied  her  religious  zeal  and  ro- 
mantic spirit  of  adventure.  Before  the  close  of  his  career, 
purged  of  heresy,  she  took  the  posture  which  she  held  to  the  day 
of  her  death,— in  one  hand  the  crucifix,  in  the  other  the  sword. 


'  Flemr-de  lis— flower  of  the  lily.     The  royal  insignia  of  France. 

5 


VHAMTLAJN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


His  life,  full  of  significance,  is  the  true  beginning  of  her  event- 
ful history. 

When  America  was  first  made  known  to  Europe,  the  part  as- 
sumed by  France  on  the  bordei-s  of  that  new  world  was  peculiar, 
and  is  little  recognized.  While  the  Spaniard  roamed  sea  and 
land,  burning  for  achievement,  red-hot  with  bigotry  and  avarice, 
and  while  England,  with  soberer  steps  and  a  less  dazzling  result, 
followed  ill  the  path  of  discovery  and  gold-hunting,  it  wiis  from 
France  that  those  barbarous  shores  first  learned  to  serve  the 
ends  of  peaceful  commercial  industry. 

To  leave  this  cloudland  of  tradition,  and  approach  the  con-, 
fines  of  recorded  history :  The  Normans,  offspring  of  an  ances- 
try of  conquerors;  the  Bretons,  that  stubborn,  hardy,  unchang- 
ing race;  the  Basques,  that  primeval  people,  older  than  history, — 
all  frequented  from  a  very  early  date  the  cod-banks  of  Newfound- 
land." 

From  this  time  forth  the  Newfoundland  fishery  was  never 
abandoned.  French,  English,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  made 
res  jrt  to  the  Banks,  always  jealous,  often  quarreling,  but  still 
drawing  up  treasure  from  those  exhaustless  mines,  and  bearing 
home  bountiful  provision  against  the  season  of  Lent. 

While  French  fishermen  plied  their  trade  along  these  gloomy 
coasts,  the  French  Government  spent  its  energies  on  a  different 
field.  The  vitality  of  the  kingdom  was  wasted  in  Italian  wars. 
The  crown  passed  at  length  to  Francis  of  Angoul^me.*  The 
light  which  was  beginning  to  pierce  the  feudal  darkness  gath- 
ered its  rays  around  his  throne.     Among  artists,  philosophers. 


' 


2  There  is  some  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  this  fishery  existed  before 
the  voyage<of  Cabot  in  1497;  there 
is  strong  evidence  that  it  began  as 
early  as  the  year  1504. 

3  franois  I. — King  of  France, 
born  1494,  died  1547.  He  left  a 
great  reputation  for  gallantry,  gen- 
erosity, and  ro>al  accomplishments. 


During  his  reign  a  league  was 
formed  against  liim  by  Charles  the 
Fifth  of  Spain,  Henry  VHI.  of  Eng- 
land,  and  Pope  Leo  X.,  and  the 
French  were  expelled  from  Italy 
after  a  series  of  battles,  at  Sesia 
1524,  in  which  the  famous  chevalier 
Bayard  fell,  and  at  Pavia  iu  1525. 


VHAMPLAiy^  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


y 

ia 
it 


and  men  of  letters,  enrolled  in  his  service,  stands  the  humbler 
name  of  a  Florentine  navigator,  John  Verrazzano.* 

The  wealth  of  the  Indies  was  pouring 
into  the  coffers  of  Charles  the  Fifth,'  and 
the  exploits  of  Cortes '  had  given  new  luster 
to  his  crown.  Francis  the  First  begrudged 
his  hated  rival  the  glories  and  profits  of 
the  New  World.  He  would  fain  have  his 
share  of  the  prize;  and  Verrazzano,  with 
four  ships,  was  despatched  to  seek  out  a 
p:issage  westward  to  the  rich  kingdom  of 
Cathay.' 

Toward  the  end  of  the  year  1523,  his  four  ships  sailed  from 
Dieppe;*  but  a  storm  fell  upon  him,  and  with  two  of  the  ves- 
sels he  ran  back  in  distress  to  a  port  of  Brittany."  What  became 
of  the  other  two  does  not  appear.  Neither  is  it  clear  why,  after 
a  preliminary  cruise  against  the  Spaniards,  he  pursued  his  voy- 
age with  one  vessel  alone,  a  caravel '"  called  the  Dolphin.  With 
her  he  made  for  Madeira,"  and,  on  the  seventeenth  of  January, 

conquered  the  country  ufter  many 
brilliant  battles.  The  story  of  his 
wonderful  exploits  is  told  in  Pres- 
cott's  "  Conquest  of  Mexico." 

'    Cathay  —  ancient     name 
China,  or  Tartary. 

8   Dieppe  — a    seaport    town 
France,  on  the  English  Channel. 

»  Brittany  (also  Bretngne)— an 
old  province  in  the  N.  W.  of  France, 
forming  an  extensive  peninsula  be- 
tween the  English  Channel  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

>o  Caravel  —  a  kind  of  light, 
round,  old-fasliioned  ship,  formerly 
used  by  Spaniards  and  Portuguese. 

II  Madeira  ~  an  island  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  440,  miles  west  of 
Morocco.  It  is  35  milei  loog  and 
19  miles  broftd. 


*  Verraizano  (ver-rat-sahno)— 
Italian  navigator,  born  about  1486. 
He  is  believed  to  have  visited  North 
America  in  1508  or  earlier. 

»  Charles  V.  (1519-1556)— Em- 
peror of  Germany  was  one  of  the 
greatest  mouarchs  of  ancient  or 
modern  times.  Francis  I.  was  the 
great  rival  of  Charles  in  the  contest 
for  Imperial  honors,  and  kept  up  an 
almost  incessant  warfare  with  him. 
It  is  in  his  relations  to  the  Reforma- 
tion that  the  significant  features  of 
his  life  and  work  are  to  be  found. 

*  Cortes,  Hernando,  was  boru,  in 
Spain,  in  1485.  Resolving  to  seek 
his  fortune  in  the  New  World,  he 
■ailed  to  Hispaniola  in  1504.  He 
was  appointed  commander  of  an  ex- 
pedition a^iainst  Mexico  in  1518,  and 


of 


of 


i  CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 

1524,  set  sail  from  a  barren  islet  in  its  neighborhood,  and  bore 
away  for  the  unknown  world.  In  forty-nine  days  they  neared 
a  low  shore,  not  far  from  the  site  of  Wilmington  in  North  Caro- 
lina, "anewe  land,"  exclaims  the  voyager,  "never  before  seen 
of  any  man,  either  auncient  or  moderne."    Yet  fires  were  blaz- 


ing along  the  coast;  and  the  inhabitants,  in  human  likeness, 
presently  appeared,  crowding  to  the  water's  edge,  in  wonder  and 
admiration,  pointing  out  a  landing-place,  and  making  profuse 
gestures  of  welcome.      ,....,_..._.  .        ^    , 


VHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


9 


e 

i 

»- 
n 


knd 

aee 


Verrazzaiio's  next  resting-place  was  the  Bay  of  New  York. 
Rowing  up  in  his  boat  through  the  Narrows,  under  the  steep 
heiglits  of  Staten  Ishuid,  he  saw  the  harbor  within  dotted  with 
canoes  of  the  feathered  natives,  coming  from  the  shore  to  wel- 
come him.  But  what  most  engaged  the  eyes  of  the  white  men 
was  the  fancied  signs  of  mineral  wealth  in  the  neighboring  hills. 


Following  the  shores  of  Long  Island,  they  came  to  Block  Isl- 
and, and  thence  to  the  harbor  of  Newport.  Here  they  stayed 
fifteen  days,  most  courteously  received  by  the  inhabitants. 

Again  they  spread  their  sails,  and  on  the  fifth  of  May  bade 
farewell  to  the  primitive  hospitalities  of  Newport,  steered  along 
the  rugged  coasts  of  New  England,  and  surveyed,  ill-pleased,  the 
surf-beaten  rocks,  the  pine-tree  and  the  fir,  the  shadows  and  the 
gloom  of  mighty  forests. 

Verrazzano  coasted  the  seaboard  of  Maine^,  and  sailed  north- 
ward as  far  as  Newfoundland,  whence,  provisions  failing,  he 
steered  for  France.  He  had  not  found  a  passage  to  Cathay,  but 
he  had  explored  the  American  coast  from  tlie  thirty-fourth  de- 
gree to  the  fiftieth,  and  at  various  points  had  penetrated  several 
leagues  into  the  country.  On  the  eighth  of  July  he  wrote  from 
Dieppe  to  the  King  the  earliest  description  known  to  exist  of 
the  shores  of  the  United  States. 


:10 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HTS  ASSOCIATES. 


Great  was  the  joy  thtit  hailed  his  arrival,  and  great  the  hopes 
of  emolument  and  wealth  from  the  new-found  shores. 

■  The  ancijnt  town  of  St.  Malo,'"  thrust  out  like  a  buttress 
into  the  sea,  ytrange  and  grim  of  aspe(3t,  breathing  war  from  its 
wall  and  battlements  of  ragged  stone, — a  stronghold  of  privateers, 
the  home  of  a  race  whose  intractable  and  defiant  independence 
neither  time  nor  change  has  isubducd, — has  been  for  centuries  a 
nursery  of  hardy  mariners.  Among  the  earliest  and  most  emi- 
nent on  its  list  stands  the  name  of  Jjicques  Cartier,''  (r.ai-te-a). 
Sailing  from  St.  Malo  on  the  twentieth  of  April,  1534,  Carder 
steered  for  Newfoundland,  passed  throuflrh  the  Straits  of  Belle 
Isle,  crossed  to  the  main,  and,  never  doubting  that  he  was  on 
the  high  road  to  Cathay,  advanced  up  the  St.  Lawrence  till  he 
saw  the  shores  of  Anticosti.'*  But  autumnal  storms  were  gather- 
ing. The  voyagers  took  counsel  together,  turned  their  prows 
eastward,  and  bore  away  for  France,  carrying  thither,  as  a  sam- 
ple of  the  natural  products  of  the  New  World,  two  young  In- 
dians, lured  into  their  clutches  by  an  act  of  villanous  treachery. 
The  voyage  was  a  mere  reconnaissance. 

The  spirit  of  discovery  was  awakened.  A  passage  to  India 
could  be  found,  and  a  new  France  built  up  beyond  the  Atlantic. 

Cartier  was  commissioned  afresh.  Three  vessels,  the  largest 
not  above  a  hundred  and  twenty  tons,  were  placed  at  his  disposal. 
Three  days  later  they  set  sail.  The  dingy  walls  of  the  rude  old 
seaport,  and  the  white  rocks  that  line  the  neighboring  shores 
of  Brittany,  faded  from  their  sight,  and  soon  they  were  tossing 
in  a  furious  tempest.  But  the  scattered  ships  escaped  the  dan- 
ger,  and,  reuniting  at  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  steered  westward 


■2  St.  Malo — a  fortified  seaport 
town  of  France,  on  the  English 
Channel. 

"     Cartier    JacqtieB  —    French 
navigator,  born    1494.      The    dis- 
coverer of  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 
-    '*   Antioosti.     As  Cartier  sailed 
up  the  St.  Lawrence,  he  discovered, 


near  the  mouth  of  the  river,  a  very 
long  island,  called  by  ihe  Indians 
Natiscotec,  and  he  gave  it  the  name 
Assumption  Island.  It  bears  more 
commonly  that  of  Anticosti,  be- 
lieved to  come  from  the  English 
miibpronunciatioQ    of    the    Inuiaxi 


name, 


.  V        »  N  ■    »  V-     ••  -       » 


CHAMPLATN  AND  ffisr  ARSOCTATES. 


11 


I 


nlong  the  coast  of  Labrador,  till  they  reached  a  small  bay,  oppo- 
site ti^e  Island  of  Anticosti.  Cartier  called  it  the  Bay  of  St. 
Lawrence,  a  name  afterwards  extended  to  the  entire  gulf,  and 
to  tiie  great  river  above. 

To  ascend  this  great  river,  to  tempt  the  hazards  of  its  intri- 
cate navigation,  with  no  better  pilots  than  the  two  young  Indians 
kidnaped  the  year  before,  was  a  venture  of  no  light  risk.  But 
skill  or  fortune  prevailed;  and,  on  the  first  of  September,  the 
voyagers  reached  in  safety  the  gorge  of  the  gloomy  Saguenay,'^ 
with  its  towering  cliffs  and  sullen  depth  of  waters.  Passing  the 
Isle  des  Coudres '"  and  the  lofty  promontory  of  Cape  Tourmente," 
they  came  to  anchor  in  a  quiet  channel  between  the  northern 
shore  and  the  margin  of  a  richly  wooded  island. 

Cartier  soon  made  ready  to  depart.  And  first  he  caused  the 
two  Lirgcr  vessels  to  be  towed  for  safe  harborage  within  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Charles.  With  the  smallest,  a  galleon*"  of 
forty  tons,  and  two  open  boats,  carrying  in  all  fifty  sailors,  he 
set  forth  for  Hochelaga." 

Slowing  gliding  on  their  way,  by  walls  of  verdure,  brightened 
in  the  autumnal  sun,  they  saw  forests  festooned  with  grape-vines, 
and  waters  alive  with  wild-fowl;  they  heard  the  song  of  the  black- 
bird, the  thrush,  and,  as  they  fondly  thought,  the  nightingale. 
The  galleon  grounded;  they  left  her,  and,  advancing  with  the 
boats  alone,  on  the  second  of  October  neared  the  goal  of  their 
hopes,  the  mysterious  Hochelaga, 

Where  now  are  seen  the  quays  and  storehouses  of  Montreal,  a 


'»  Saguenay  —  a  large  river 
emptying  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Discovered  by  Cartier,  and  partially 
explored  by  biin. 

'"  Isle  des  Coudres  The  dis- 
covere  s  foiintl  this  island  abound- 
ing in  delicious  tilberts,  hence  tbe 
name. 

"  Cape  Tourmente— a  very  bigb 
promontory,  elevation  about  2U00 
feet.  ■"^■•'    •■"■'".  •"-' "^  ■  ■ 


■8  Galleon — a  large  ship,  with 
three  or  four  decks,  foi  morly  used 
by  tbe  Spaniards  as  a  man-of-war.  as 
in  tbe  Armada;  and  also  in  com- 
merce, as  between  Spain  and  her 
colonies  in  America. 

'^  Hochelaga— tbe  Indian  name 
of  the  town  built  on  tbe  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Montreal.  The  name 
Mont  Royal  was  given  by  Curlier  to 
the  mountain  on  tbe  island. 


19 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCTATKS. 


thousand  Indians  thronged  the  shore,  wild  with  delight,  danc- 
ing, singing,  crowding  about  the  strangers,  and  showering  into 
the  boats  their  gifts  of  fish  and  maize;  and,  as  it  grew  dark,  fires 
lighted  up  the  night,  while,  far  and  near,  the  French  could  see 
the  excited  savages  leaping  and  rejoicing  by  tlie  blaze. 

At  dawn  of  day,  marshaled  and  accoutered,  they  set  forth  for 
Hochelaga.  A  troop  of  Indians  followed,  and  guided  them  to 
the  top  of  the  neighboring  mountain.  Cartier  called  it  Mont 
Royal,  Montreal ;  and  hence  the  name  of  the  busy  city  which 
now  holds  the  site  of  the  vanished  Hochelaga.  Stadacone  "  and 
Hochelaga,  Quebec  and  Montreal,  in  the  sixteenth  century  as  in 
the  nineteenth,  were  the  centers  of  Canadian  population. 

From  the  summit,  that  noble  prospect  met  his  eye  which 
at  this  day  is  the  delight  of  tourists,  but  strangely  changed 
since,  first  of  white  men,  the  Breton  voyager  gazed  upon  it. 
Tower  and  dome  and  spire,  congregated  roofs,  white  sail  and 
gliding  steamer,  animate  its  vast  expanse  with  varied  life. 
Cartier  saw  a  different  scene.  East,  west,  and  south,  the  mant- 
ling forest  was  over  all,  and  the  broad  blue  ribbon  of  the  great 
river  glistened  amid  a  realm  of  verdure.  Beyond,  to  the  bounds 
of  Mexico,  stretched  a  leafy  desert,  and  the  vast  hive  of  industry, 
the  mighty  battle-ground  of  later  centuries,  lay  sunk  in  savage 
torpor,  wrapped  in  illimitable  woods. 

It  was  the  sixteenth  of  July,  1536,  when  Cartier  again  cast 
anchor  under  the  walls  of  St.  Malo. 

A  rigorous  climate,  a  savage  people,  a  fatal  disease,  a  soil 
barren  of  gold, — these  were  the  allurements  of  New  France. 
Nor  were  the  times  auspicious  for  a  renewal  of  the  enterprise. 
Meanwhile,  the  ominous  adventure  of  New  France  had  found  a 
champion  in  the  person  of  Jean  Fran9ois  cle  la  Roque,  Sieur 
de  Roberval,  a  nobleman  of  Picardy.  On  the  twenty-third 
of  May,  1541,  the  Breton  captain  again  spread  his  canvas 
for  New  France.  The  Atlantic  was  safely  passed,  the  fog-banks 
of  Newfoundland,  the  island  rocks  clouded  with  screaming  sea- 


'<*  Stadaoone— ihe  IndMOi  town  on  a  part  of  the  present  site  of  Quebec. 


CHAMTLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


13 


fowl,  the  forests  breathing  piny  odors  from  the  shore.  Again 
he  passed  in  review  the  grand  scenery  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
again  cast  anchor  beneath  the  cliffs  of  Quebec.  Cartier  pursued 
his  course,  sailed  three  leagues  and  a  half  up  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  anchored  again  off  the  mouth  of  the  River  of  Cap  Rouge." 
It  was  late  in  August,  and  the  leafy  landscape  sweltered  in  the 
sun.  They  landed,  picked  up  quartz  crystals  on  the  shore  and 
thought  them  diamonds,  climbed  the  steep  promontory,  drank  at 
the  spring  near  the  top,  looked  abroad  on  the  wooded  slopes 
beyond  the  little  river,  waded  through  the  tall  grass  of  the 
meadow,  found  a  quarry  of  slate,  and  gathered  scales  of  a  yellow 
mineral  which  glistened  like  gold  ;  then  took  to  their  boats, 
crossed  to  the  south  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and,  languid 
with  the  heat,  rested  in  the  shade  of  forests  laced  witn  an 
entanglement  of  grape-vines. 

Meanwhile,  unexpected  delays  had  detained  the  impatient 
Roberval;  nor  was  it  until  the  sixteenth  of  April,  1542,  that, 
with  three  ships  and  two  hundred  colonists,  he  set  sail  from 
Rochelle.  When,  on  the  eighth  of  June,  he  entered  the  harbor 
of  St.  John,  he  found  seventeen  fishing-vessels  lying  there  at 
anchor.  Soon  after,  he  descried  three  other  sail  rounding  the 
entrance  of  the  haven,  and  with  wrath  and  amazement  recog- 
nized the  ships  of  Jacques  Cartier.  That  voyager  had  broken 
up  his  colony  and  abandoned  New  France. 

What  motives  had  prompted  a  desertion  little  consonant  with 
the  resolute  spirit  of  the  man,  it  is  impossible  to  say, — whether 
sickness  within,  or  Indian  enemies  without ;  disgust  with  an 
enterprise  whose  unripened  fruits  had  proved  so  hard  and  bitter, 
or  discontent  at  finding  himself  reduced  to  a  post  of  subordina- 
tion in  a  country  which  he  had  discovered  and  where  he  had 
commanded.  The  Viceroy  ordered  him  to  return  :  but  Cartier 
escaped  with  his  vessels  under  cover  of  night,  and  made  sail  for 
France,  carrying  with  him  as  trophies  a  few  quartz  diamonds 
from  Cap  Rouge,  and  grains  of  sham  gold  fron)  the  neighboring 


"  Cap  Boage— a  high  promontory  on  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Quebec. 


u 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


Ill 


slate  ledges.  Thus  pitifully  closed  the  active  career  of  this  nota- 
ble explorer.  His  discoveries  had  gained  for  him  a  patent  of 
nobility.  He  owned  the  seignorial  mansion  of  Limoilou,"  a 
rude  structure  of  stone  still  standing.  Here,  and  in  the  neigh- 
boring town  of  St.  Malo,  where  also  he  had  a  house,  he  seems  to 
have  lived  for  mai^y  years. 

Roberval,  abandoned,  once  more  set  sail,  steering  northward 
to  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle  and  the  dreaded  Isle  of  Demons. 
Having  left  the  Isle  of  Demons,  Roberval  held  his  course  up  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  dropped  anchor  before  the  heights  of  Cap 
Rouge.  His  company  landed  ;  there  were  bivouacs  along  the 
strand,  a  hubbub  of  pick  and  spade,  ax,  saw,  and  hammer;  and 
soon  in  the  wilderness  uprose  a  goodly  structure,  half  barrack, 
half  castle,  with  two  towers,  two  spacious  halls,  a  kitchen,  cham- 
bers, store-rooms,  workshops,  cellars,  garrets,  a  well,  an  even,  and 
two  water-mills.  It  stood  on  that  bold  acclivity  where  Cartier 
had  before  intrenched  himself,  the  St.  Lawrence  in  front,  and 
on  the  right  the  River  of  Cap  Rouge.  Experience  and  forecast 
had  alike  been  wanting.  There  were  storehouses,  but  no  stores ; 
mills,  but  no  grist ;  an  ample  oven,  and  a  woful  dearth  of  bread. 
It  was  only  when  two  of  the  ships  had  sailed  for  France  that 
they  took  account  of  their  provision  and  discovered  its  lamenta- 
ble shortcoming.  Winter  and  famine  followed.  They  bought 
fish  from  the  Indians,  dug  roots,  and  boiled  them  in  whale-oil. 
Disease  broke  out,  and,  before  spring,  killed  one  third  of  the 
colony.  The  rest  would  fain  have  quarreled,  mutinied,  and 
otherwise  aggravated  their  inevitable  woes,  but  disorder  was 
dangerous  under  the  iron  rule  of  the  inexorable  Roberval.  The 
quarrels  of  men,  the  scolding  of  w  nuen,  were  alike  requited  at 
the  whipping-post,  "by  which  means,"  quaintly  says  the  narra- 
tive,  "they  lived  in  peace."    And  here,  midway,  our  guide 


I  .i'  I 


'^  Limoiloa.  Tiie  manor-house  of 
Cartier,  which  in  1965  was  still  en- 
tire, in  the  suburbs  of  St.  Malo,  was 
as  rude  in  construction  as  an  ordi- 
nary farm-house.    It  had  only   a 


kitchen  and  a  hall  below,  and  two 
rooms  above.  Adjacent  was  a  gar- 
den and  barn,  all  enclosed  by  stone 
walls.  The  whole  indicates  a  rough 
and  simple  way  of  life. 


CUAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


15 


deserts  us ;  the  ancient  narrative  is  broken,  and  the  latter  part 
is  lost,  leaving  us  to  divine  as  we  may  the  future  of  the  ill-starred 
colony.  That  it  did  not  long  survive  is  certain.  It  is  said  that 
the  King,  in  great  need  of  Roberval,  sent  Cartier  to  bring  him 
home.  With  him  closes  the  prelude  of  the  French-American 
drama. 


CHAPTER  11. 


1642—1604. 


at 
•a- 
de 


LA  ROCHE.-CHAMPLAIN.— DE  MONTS. 

French  Fishermen  and  Fur-traders.— La  Roche.— Samuel  de  Champlain. 
— Visits  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico. — Explores  the  St.  Lawrence.-^ 
De  Monts. — The  Colony  of  St.  Croix. — Explorations  of  Champlain. 

Years  rolled  on.  France,  long  tossed  among  the  sui-gcs  of 
civil  commotion,  plunged  at  lust  into  a  gulf  of  fratricidal  war. 
There  was  little  room  for  schemes  of  foreig!i  enterprise.  Yet, 
far  aloof  from  siege  and  battle,  the  fishermen  of  the  western 
ports  still  plied  their  craft  on  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland. 
Humanity,  morality,  decency,  might  be  forgotten,  but  codfisli 
must  still  be  had  for  the  use  of  the  faithful  on  Lent  and  fast 
days.  Still  the  wandering  Esquimaux  saw  the  Norman  and 
Breton  sails  hovering  around  some  lonely  headland,  or  anchored 
in  fleets  in  the  harbor  of  St.  John  ;  and  still,  through  salt  spray 
and  driving  mist,  the  fishermen  dragged  up  the  riches  of  the  sea. 

But  a  new  era  had  dawned  on  France.  Wearied  and  ex- 
hausted with  thirty  years  of  conflict,  she  had  sunk  at  last  to  a 
repose,  uneasy  and  disturbed,  yet  the  harbinger  of  recovery. 

Art,  industry,  commerce,  so  long  crushed  and  overborne, 
were  stirring  into  renewed  life,  and  a  crowd  of  adventurous  men, 
nurtured  in  war  and  incapable  of  repose,  must  seek  employment 
for  their  restless  energies  in  fields  of  peaceful  enterprise. 

Two  small,  quaint  vessels,  not  larger  than  the  fishing-craft  of 
Gloucester  and  Marblehead, — one  was  of  twelve^  the  other  of 


16 


CHAMPLAIX  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


{■J 


I  ; 


fifteen  tons,— held  their  way  across  the  treacherous  Atlantic, 
passed  the  tempestuous  headlands  of  Newfoundland  and  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and,  with  adventurous  knight-errantry,  glided  deep 
into  the  heart  of  the  Canadian  wilderness.  On  board  of  one  of 
them  was  the  Breton  merchant  Pontgrave  (Pont-gra-Vft),  and 
with  him  a  man  of  spirit  widely  different,  a  Catholic  gentleman 
of  Saintouge,  Samuel  de  Champlain,  born  in  1567  at  the  small 
seaport  of  Brouage,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  He  was  a  captain  in 
the  royal  navy,  but  during  the  war  he  had  fought  for  the  king  in 
Brittany.  His  purse  was  small,  his  merit  great  ;  and  Henry  the 
Fourth,'  out  of  his  own  slender  revenues,  had  ^iven  him  a  pen- 
sion to  maintain  him  near  his  person.  But  rest  was  penance  to 
him.  The  war  in  Brittany  was  over.  Champlain,  his  occupa- 
tion gone,  conceived  a  design  consonant  with  his  adventurous 
nature.  He  would  visit  the  West  Indies,  and  bring  back  to  the 
king  a  report  of  those  regions  of  mystery  whence  Spanish  jeal- 
ousy excluded  foreigners,  and  where  every  intruding  Frenchman 
was  threatened  with  death.  Here  much  knowledge  was  to  be 
won,  much  peril  to  be  met.     The  joint  attraction  was  resistless. 

His  West-Indian  adventure  occupied  him  two  years  and  a 
half.  He  visited  the  principal  ports  of  the  islands,  made  plans 
and  sketches  of  them  all,  after  his  fashion,  and  then,  landing  at 
Vera  Cruz,  journeyed  inland  to  the  city  of  Mexico.  Returning,  he 
made  his  way  to  Panama.  Here,  more  than  two  centuries  and  a 
half  ago,  his  bold  and  active  mind  conceived  the  plan  of  a  ship- 
canal  across  the  isthmus,  "by  which,"  he  says,  "the  voyage  to 
the  South  Sea  would  be  shortened  by  more  than  fifteen  hundred 
leagues."  ^ 

Returning,  he  repaired  to  court,  but  soon  wearied  of  the  ante- 
chambers of  the  Louvre."     Here,  however,  his  destiny  awaited 


'  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  wus 
crowned  in  1594.  His  reign  was  a 
great  blessing  to  France,  after  long 
and  serious  wara.  Agriculture, 
commerce,  and  other  branches  of 
industry  were  revived.  In  the  year 
1610  the  king  was  assassinated  in  his 


ciuriuge  as  he  was  riding  through 
the  streets  of  Paris. 

*  Louvre— a  palace  in  Paris,  be- 
gun by  Francis  I.,  and  completed 
by  Napoleon  250  ^cars  after  the 
foundations  were  laid.  It  is  now  a 
most  magnificent  art-gallery. 


CHAMTLATN  AND  HTS  ASSOCIATES. 


17 


in 


ihip- 
;e  to 
Idred 

mte- 
lited 

bough 


him,  and  the  work  of  his  life  was  unfolded.  Aymar  de  Chastes, 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  St.  Jolin  and  Governor  of  Dieppe, 
a  gray-haired  veteran  of  the  civil  wars,  would  fain  mark  his 
closing  days  with  some  notable  achievement  for  France  and  the 
Church.  To  no  man  was  the  king  more  deeply  beholden.  De 
Chastes  came  to  court  to  beg  a  patent  of  Henry  the  Fourth,  "  and," 
says  his  friend  Cham  plain,  "  though  his  head  was  crowned  with 
gray  hairs  as  with  years,  he  resolved  to  proceed  to  New  France 
in  person,  and  dedicate  the  rest  of  his  days  to  the  service  of  God 
and  his  king." 

The  patent,  costing  nothing,  was  readily  granted ;  and 
De  Chastes,  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  enterprise,  and  perhaps 
forestall  the  jealousies  which  his  monopoly  would  awaken  among 
the  keen  merchants  of  the  western  ports,  formed  a  company 
with  the  more  prominent  of  them. 

This  was  the  time  when  Champlain,  fresh  from  the  West 
Indies,  appeared  at  court.  De  Chastes  knew  him  well.  Young, 
ardent,  yet  ripe  in  experience,  a  skillful  seaman  and  a  practiced 
soldier,  he  above  all  others  was  a  man  for  the  enterprise.  He  had 
many  conferences  with  the  veteran,  under  whom  he  had  served 
in  the  royal  fleet  off  the  coast  of  Brittany.  De  Chastes  urged 
him  to  accept  a  post  in  his  new  company  ;  and  Champlain,  noth- 
ing loath,  consented,  provided  always  that  permission  should  be 
had  from  the  king.  The  needful  consent  was  gained,  and,  armed 
with  a  letter  to  Pontgrave,  Champlain  set  forth  for  Honfleur.* 
Here  he  found  his  destined  companion,  and,  embarking  with 
him,  they  spread  their  sails  for  the  West. 

Like  specks  on  the  bioad  bosom  of  the  waters,  the  two  pigmy 
vessels  held  their  course  up  the  lonely  St.  Lawrence.  They 
passed  abandoned  Tadoussac,*  the  channel  of  Orleans,  and  the 
gleaming  sheet  of  Montmorenci ; '  they  passed  the  tenantless  rock 


be- 
)leted 

the 
low  a 


"  Honfleur— a  small  seaport  town 
of  France,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Seine  river. 

*  Tadoussao— a  small  port  on  the 
St.  Lawrence,  140  miles  below  Que- 


bec ;  a  central  tradiug-post  at  this 
time. 

6  Montmorenci.  The  Marshal  de 
Montmorenci  was  made  Viceroy  of 
New  France,  and  appointed  Cham- 


18 


CHAMPLAm  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


of  Quebec,  tlie  wide  Lake  of  St.  Peter,  and  its  crowded  archi- 
pelago, till  now  the  mountain  reared  before  them  its  rounded 
shoulder  above  the  forest-phiin  of  Montreal.  All  was  solitude. 
Hocheliiga  had  vanished  ;  and  of  the  savage  population  that 
Caitier  had  found  here,  sixty-eight  years  before,  no  trace  re- 
niiiincd.  In  its  place  were  a  few  wandering  Algonquins,  of  dif- 
ferent tongue  and  lineage. 

In  a  skitT,  with  ii  few  Indians,  Champlain  essayed  to  pass  the 
rapids  of  8t.  Louis.  Oars,  paddles,  poles,  alike  proved  vain 
against  the  foiiining  surges,  and  he  was  forced  to  return.  On 
the  deck  of  his  vessel  the  Indians  maile  rudo  plans  of  the  river 
above,  with  its  chains  of  rapids,  its  lakes  and  cataracts  ;  and  the 
baffled  explorer  turned  his  prow  homeward,  the  object  of  his 
mission  accomplished,  but  his  own  adventurous  curiosity  unsated. 
When  the  voyagers  reached  Havre  de  Grace  a  grievous  blow 
awaited  them.    The  Commander  de  Chastes  was  dead. 

His  mantle  fell  upon  Sieur  de  Monts.  Undaunted  by  the 
fate  of  La  Roche,  this  nobleman  petitioned  the  king  for  leave  to 
colonize  Acadie,"  a  region  defined  as  extending  from  the  fortieth 
to  the  forty-sixth  degree  of  north  latitude,  or  from  Philadelphia 
to  beyond  Montreal. 

De  Monts,  with  one  of  his  vessels,  sailed  from  Havre  de  Grace 
on  the  seventh  of  April,  1604.  Pontgrave,  with  stores  for  the 
colory,  was  to  follow  in  a  few  days. 

De  Monts,  who  had  been  to  the  St.  Lawrence  and  learned  to 
dread  its  ligorous  winters,  steered  for  a  more  southein,  and,  as 
he  flattered  himself,  a  milder  region.  The  first  land  seen  was 
Cape  Li  Heve,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Nova  Scotia.  He  doubled 
Cape  Sable,  and  entered  St.  Mary's  Bay,  where  he  lay  two  weeks, 
sending  boats'  crews  to  explore  the  adjacent  coasts.    The  voy- 


plain  his  lieutenant  in  16'20,  and 
Leld  this  position  till  1624.  The 
beautiful  waterfiiU  near  Quebec  is 
named  after  him. 

"  Acadie.    This  name  is  not  found 
in  any  earlier  public  document.    It 


was  afterwards  restricted  to  the 
peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia.  The 
word  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  Indian  "  Aqnoddt/,"  meaning  the 
tish  called  a  pollock. 


(JHAMPLAiy  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


10 


agcrs  proceeded  to  oxploro  tho  Bay  of  P'undy/  Their  first  nota- 
ble discovery  was  thiit  of  Ainmpolis  Harbor. 

Thence  tliey  paih-d  round  the  lioad  of  the  Hay  of  Fundy, 
coasted  its  noi  thorn  shore,  visited  and  named  th(^  river  St.  John, 
and  anchored  at  last  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay. 

The  untiring  Champlain,  exploring,  surveying,  pounding, 
had  made  charts  of  all  tlio  principal  roads  and  luiibors;  and 
now,  pursuing  his  researcli,  he  entered  a  river  wliieh  h  calls 
La  llivi^re  des  Etechemins."  Near  its  mouth  he  found  an  islet, 
fenced  round  with  rocks  and  shoals,  and  called  it  St.  Croix,  a 
name  now  borne  by  the  river  itself.  With  singular  infelicity 
this  spot  was  chosen  as  the  site  of  the  new  colony.  It  com- 
manded '.l;  river,  and  was  well  fitted  for  defense,  these  were  its 
only  merits  ;  yet  cannon  were  landed  on  it,  a  battery  was  planted 
on  a  detached  rock  at  one  end,  and  a  fort  begun  on  a  rising 
ground  at  the  other. 

The  rock-fenced  islet  was  covered  with  c  Mlars,  and  when  the 
tide  was  out,  the  shoals  around  were  dark  with  the  swash  of  sea- 
weed, where,  in  their  leisure  moments,  the  Frenchmen,  we  are  told, 
amused  themselves  with  detaching  the  limpets"  fiom  the  stones, 
as  a  savory  addition  to  their  fare.  But  there  was  little  leisure  at 
St.  Croix.  Soldiers,  sailors,  artisans,  betook  themselves  to  their 
task.  Before  the  winter  closed  in,  the  northern  end  of  the 
island  was  covered  with  buildings,  surrounding  a  square,  where  a 
solitary  tree  had  been  left  standing. 

On  the  right  was  a  spacious  house,  wdl  built,  and  surmounted 
by  one  of  those  enormous  roofs  characteristic  of  the  time.  This 
was  the  lodging  of  De  Monts.  Behind  it,  and  near  the  water, 
was  a  long,  covered  gallery,  for  labor  or  amusement  in  foul 


'  Bay  of  Fundy.  The  exploring 
party  under  De  Monts  entered  this 
bay.  and  he  njimed  it  "  Le  grand 
Bale  Frangaise,"  a  name  which  it 
retained  until  the  English  took  pos- 
session of  the  country.  ' 

^  La  Biviere  des  Etchemins.     The 


tribe  of  Indians  known  as  the  Etche- 
mins (afterwards  Ma  e(ite>)  occu- 
pied all  the  country  from  Port 
Royal  to  Kennebec.  The  river  is 
the  St.  Croix.  '  '     '"■'' 

»  Limpets— a  fresh -water  mollusk 
found  adhering  to  rocks.  '' 


20 


CHAMPLATN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


weather.  Champlain  and  the  Sieur  d'Orvillc,  aided  by  the  ser- 
vants of  the  latter,  built  a  house  for  themselves  nearly  opposite 
that  of  De  Monts  ;  and  the  remainder  of  the  square  was  occu- 
pied by  storehouses,  a  magazine,  workshops,  lodgings  for  gentle- 
men and  artisans,  and  a  barrack  for  the  Swiss  soldiers,  the  whole 
enclosed  with  a  palisade.  Their  labors  over,  Poutrincourt  set  sail 
for  France. 

Tlie  exiles  were  left  to  their  solitude.  From  the  Spanish 
settlements  northward  to  the  pole,  no  domestic  hearth,  no  lodg- 
ment of  civilized  men  through  all  the  borders  of  Ameiica,  save 
one  weak  band  of  Frenchmen,  clinging,  as  it  were  for  life,  to 
the  fringe  of  tlio  vast  and  savage  continent.  The  gray  and  sul- 
len autumn  sank  upon  the  waste,  and  the  bleak  wind  howled 
down  the  St.  Croix,  and  swept  the  forest  bare.  Then  the  whirl- 
ing snow  powdered  the  vast  sweep  of  desolate  woodland,  and 
shrouded  in  white  the  gloomy  green  of  pine-clad  mountains. 
Ice  in  sheets,  or  broken  masses,  swept  by  their  island  with  the 
ebbing  and  flowing  tide,  often  debarring  all  access  to  the  main, 
and  cutting  off  their  supplies  of  wood  and  water. 

Spring  came  at  last,  and,  with  the  breaking-up  of  the  ice, 
the  melting  of  the  snow,  and  the  clamors  of  the  returning  wild- 
fowl, the  spirits  and  the  health  of  the  woe-begone  company  began 
to  revive.  But  to  misery  succeeded  anxiety  and  suspense. 
Where  was  the  succor  from  France?  Were  they  abandoned  to 
their  fate, like  the  wretched  exiles  of  La  Roche?'"  In  a  happy 
hour  they  saw  an  approaching  sail.  Pontgrave,  with  forty  men, 
cast  anchor  before  their  inland  on  the  sixteenth  of  June  ;  and 
they  hailed  him  as  the  condemned  hails  the  messenger  of  his 
pardon. 

Weary  of  St.  Croix,  Do  !v[()nts  W(;uld  fuin  seek  out  a  more 
auspicious  site  whereon  to  rear  the  (uipital   of    his  Avilderness 


'•^  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche  landed 
about  forty  men  on  Sable  Ishmd  be- 
cause unable  to  control  them  on 
shipboard,  and  being  driven  away 
by  a  tempest  was  compelled  to  leave 


them  on  the  island.  It  was  not 
until  lOO^J  that  the  island  was  re- 
visite  i,  and  twelve  of  the  uumber 
only  were  found  alive. 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


21 


dominion.  During  the  previous  September,  Champluin  liad 
ranged  the  westward  coast  in  a  pinnace,  visited  and  named  the 
cliffs  of  Mount  Desert,  and  entered  the  mouth  of  tlie  River 
Penobscot,  called  by  him  the  Pemetigoet,  or  Pentigoet,  and  pre- 
viously known  to  fur-traders  and  fishermen  as  the  Norembega,  a 
name  which  it  shared  with  all  the  adjacent  region.  Now.  em- 
barking a  second  time  in  a  bark  of  fifteen  tons,  with  De  Monts 
and  several  gentlemen,  he  set  forth  on  the  eighteenth  of  June 
on  a  second  voyage  of  discovery. 

.  Along  the  strangely  indented  coasts  of  Maine — by  reef  and 
surf-washed  island,  black  headland  and  deep-embosomed  bay ; 
by  Mount  Desert  and  the  Penobscot,  the  Kennebec,  tlie  Saco, 
Portsmouth  Horrbor  and  the  Isles  of  Shoals  ;  landing  daily, 
holding  conference  with  Indians,  giving  and  receiving  gifts — 
they  held  their  course,  like  some  adventurous  party  of  pleasure, 
along  those  now  familiar  shores.  Champlain,  who,  we  are  told, 
"delighted  marvelously  in  these  enterprises,"  busied  himself, 
after  his  wont,  with  taking  observations,  sketching,  making 
charts,  and  exploring  with  an  insatiable  avidity  the  wonders  of 
the  land  and  the  sea.  Of  the  latter,  the  horseshoe-crab  awak- 
ened his  especial  curiosity,  and  he  describes  it  at  length,  with  au 
amusing  accuracy. 

With  equal  truth  he  paints  the  Indians,  whose  round,  mat- 
covered  lodges  they  could  see  at  times  thickly  strewn  along  the 
shores,  and  who,  from  bays,  inlets,  and  sheltering  islands,  came 
out  to  meet  them  in  canoes  of  bark  or  wood.  They  were  an 
agricultural  race.  Patches  of  corn,  beans,  tobacco,  squashes, 
and  esculent  roots  lay  near  all  their  wigwams.  Clearly,  they 
were  in  greater  number  than  when,  fifteen  years  afterwards,  the 
Puritans  made  their  lodgment  at  Plymouth,  since,  happily  for 
the  latter,  a  pestilence  had  then  more  than  decimated  this  fierce 
population  of  the  woods. 

Passing  the  Merrimac,  the  voyagers  named  it  La  Riviere  du 
Gas  (du  Guast),  in  honor  of  De  Monts.  From  Cape  Ann,  which 
they  called  St.  Louis,  they  crossed  to  Cape  Cod,  and  named  it 


22 


CHAMPLAJN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


Cap  Blanc."  Provision  failing,  they  steered  once  more  for  St. 
Croix,  and  on  the  tliird  of  August  reached  that  ill-starred  island. 
De  Monts  had  found  no  spot  to  his  liking.  He  bethought  him  of 
that  inland  harbor  of  Port  Royal — now  Annapolis  Basin — and 
thither  he  resolved  to  remove.  Stores,  uteusils,  even  portions  of 
the  buildings,  were  placed  onboard  the  vessels,  carried  across  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  and  landed  at  the  chosen  spot.  The  axmen 
began  their  task  ;  the  dense  forest  was  cleared  away,  and  the 
buildings  of  the  infant  colony  soon  rose  in  its  place. 

But  while  De  Monts  and  his  company  were  struggling  against 
despair  at  St.  Croix,  the  enemies  of  his  monopoly  were  busy  at 
Paris  ;  and,  by  a  ship  from  France,  he  was  warned  that  prompt 
measures  were  needful  to  thwart  their  machinations.  Therefore 
he  set  sail,  leaving  Pontgrave  to  command  at  Port  Royal ;  while 
Cham  plain,  Champdore,  and  others,  undaunted  by  the  past, 
volunteered  for  a  second  winter  in  the  wilderness.  And  here  we 
leave  them,  to  follow  their  chief  on  his  forlorn  errand. 


CHAPTER  III. 


1605—1609. 


fii 


LESCARBOT  AND   CHAMPLAIN. 

De  Monts  at  Paris.— Marc  Lescarbot. —Disaster. — Embarkation.— Arrival. 
— Disappointment.— Winter  Life  at  Port  Royal. — L'Ordre  de  Bon- 
Temps.— Hopes  Blighted.— Charaplain  at  Quebec. 

Evil  reports  of  a  churlish  wilderness,  a  pitiless  climate,  dis- 
ease, misery,  and  death,  had  heralded  the  arrival  of  De  Monts. 
The  outlay  had  been  great,  the  returns  small  ;  and  when  he 
reached  Paris  he  found  his  friends  cold,  his  enemies  active  and 
keen.     Poutrincourt,  however,  was  still  full  of  zeal ;  and,  though 


"Cap  Blanc—"  White  Cape. "    Cape  Cod  had  been  visited  and  named  by 
Gosuold  in  1602. 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


23 


he 
md 

by 


his  private  affairs  nrgently  called  for  his  presence  in  France,  he 
resolved,  at  no  small  saciifice,  to  go  in  person  to  Acadia.  He 
had,  moreover,  a  friend  who  proved  an  invaluable  ally.  This 
was  Marc  Lescarbot  (/es-car-bo),  ** avocat  en  ParUment." ^  He 
had  been  roughly  handled  by  fortune,  and  was  in  the  mood  for 
such  a  venture.  Lescarbot  was  no  common  man.  One  of  the 
best  as  well  as  earliest  records  of  the  early  settlement  of  North 
America  is  due  to  his  pen  ;  and  it  has  been  said  with  truth  that 
he  was  no  less  able  to  build  up  a  colony  than  to  write  its  history. 

It  was  noon  on  the  twenty-seventh  when  their  ship,  the 
Jonas,  p  issed  the  rocky  gateway  of  Port  Royal  Basin,  and  Les- 
carbot gazed  with  delight  and  wonder  on  the  calm  expanse  of 
sunny  waters,  with  its  amphitheater  of  woody  hills,  wherein  he 
saw  the  future  asylum  of  distressed  merit  and  impoverished  in- 
dustry. Slowly,  before  a  favoring  breeze,  they  held  their  course 
towards  the  head  of  the  harbor,  which  narrowed  as  they  ad- 
vanced ;  but  all  was  solitude  ;  no  moving  sail,  no  sign  of  human 
presence. 

At  length,  on  their  left,  nestling  in  deep  forests,  they  saw  the 
wooden  walls  and  roofs  of  the  infant  colony.  Then  appeared 
a  birch  canoe,  cautiously  coming  toward  them,  guided  by  an 
old  Indian.  Then  a  Frenchman,  arquebuse"  in  hand,  came 
down  to  the  shore  ;  and  then,  from  the  wooden  bastion,'  sprang 
the  smoke  of  a  saluting  shot.  The  ship  replied  ;  the  trumpets 
lent  their  voices  to  the  din,  and  the  forests  and  the  hills  gave 
back  unwonted  echoes.  The  voyagers  landed,  and  found  the 
colony  of  Port  Royal  dwindled  to  two  solitary  Frenchmen. 

They  soon  told  their  story.  The  preceding  winter  had  been 
one  of  much  suffering,  though  by  no  means  the  counterpart  of 
the  woful  experience  of  St.  Croix.     But  when  the  spring  had 


1  "  Avooat  en  Parlement" — an  ad- 
vocate (or  lawyer)  before  the  high 
court.     One  of  the  king's  counsel. 

'  Arqnebase — ^an  old  species  of  fire- 
arm, resembling  a  musket,  and  sup- 
ported upon  a  forked  rest  when  in 


use. 

'•^  Bastion — a  portion  of  a  fort  pro- 
jecting from  the  main  enclosure,  and 
forming  an  angle  from  which  to  re- 
pel attacks  coming  from  several  di- 
rections. 


24 


CHAMPLATN  AND  HTS  ASSOCTATES. 


passer*  die  summer  far  advanced,  and  still  r?o  tidings  of  De 
Moni-s  had  come,  Pontgrave  grew  deeply  anxious.  To  maintain 
themselves  without  supplies  and  succor  was  impossible.  He 
caused  two  small  vessels  to  be  built,  and  set  forth  in  search  of 
some  of  the  French  vessels  on  the  fishing-stations.  This  was  but 
twelve  days  before  the  arrival  of  the  ship  Jonas. 

Two  men  hud  bravely  offered  themselves  to  stay  behind  and 
guard  the  buildings,  guns,  and  munitions ;  and  an  old  Indian 
chief,  named  Membertoii,  a  fast  friend  of  the  French,  and  still, 
we  are  told,  a  redoubted  warrior,  though  reputed  to  number 
more  than  a  hundred  years,  proved  a  stanch  ally.  When  the 
ship  approached,  the  two  guardians  were  at  dinner  in  their 
room  at  the  fort.  Membertou,  always  on  the  watch,  saw  the  ad- 
vancing sail,  and,  shouting  from  the  gate,  roused  them  from 
their  repast.  In  doubt  who  the  new-comers  might  be,  one  ran 
to  the  shore  with  his  gun,  while  the  other  repaired  to  the  plat- 
form where  four  cannon  were  mounted,  in  the  valorous  resolve 
to  show  fight  should  the  strangers  prove  to  be  enemies.  Happily 
this  redundancy  of  mettle  proved  needless.  He  saw  the  white 
flag  fluttering  at  the  mast-head,  and  joyfully  fired  his  pieces  as  a 
salute. 

The  voyagers  landed  and  eagerly  surveyed  their  new  home. 
Some  wandered  through  the  buildings  ;  some  visited  the  cluster 
of  Indian  wigwams  hard  by;  some  roamed  in  the  forest  and 
over  the  meadows  that  bordered  the  neighboring  river.  The 
deserted  fort  now  swarmed  with  life  ;  and  the  better  to  cele- 
braie  their  prosperous  arrival,  Poutrincourt  placed  a  hogshead 
of  wine  in  the  court-yard  at  the  discretion  of  his  followers,  whose 
hilarity,  in  consequence,  became  exuberant.  Nor  was  it  dimin- 
ished when  Pontgrave's  vessels  were  seen  entering  the  harbor. 
A  boat  sent  by  Poutrincourt,  more  than  a  week  before,  to  explore 
the  coasts,  had  met  them  among  the  adjacent  islands,  and  they 
had  joyfully  returned  to  Port  Royal. 

Pontgrave,  however,  soon  sailed  for  France,  hoping  on  his 
way  to  seize  certain  contraband  fur-traders,  reported  to  be  at 
Canseau  and  Cape  Breton.     Poutrincourt  and  Champlain  set 


VHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


25 


forth  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,  in  an  ill-built  vessel  of  eighteen 
tons,  while  Lescarbot  remained  in  charge  of  Port  Royal.  They 
had  little  for  their  pains  but  danger,  hardship,  and  mishap. 
The  autumn  gales  cut  short  their  exploration  ;  and,  after  ad- 
vancing as  far  as  the  neighborhood  of  Hyanuis,  on  the  south- 
east coast  of  Massacliu setts,  they  turned  back,  somewhat  dis- 
gusted with  their  errand. 

Now,  however,  when  the  whole  company  were  reassembled, 
Lescarbot  found  associates  more  congenial  than  the  rude  sol- 
diers, mechanics,  and  laborers  who  gathered  at  night  around  the 
blazing  logs  in  their  rude  hall.  Port  Royal  was  a  quadrangle 
of  wooden  buildings,  inclosing  a  spacious  court.  At  the  south- 
east corner  was  the  arched  gateway,  whence  a  path,  a  few  paces 
in  length,  led  to  the  water.  It  was  flanked  by  a  sort  of  bas- 
tion of  palisades,  while  at  the  southwest  corner  was  another 
bastion,  on  which  four  cannon  were  mounted. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  quadrangle  was  a  range  of  maga- 
zines and  storehouses ;  on  the  west  were  quarters  for  the  men ; 
on  the  north,  a  dining-hall  and  lodgings  for  the  principal  per- 
sons of  the  company;  while  on  the  south,  or  water  side,  were 
the  kitchen,  the  forge,  and  the  oven.  Except  the  garden-patches 
and  the  cemetery,  the  adjacent  ground  was  thickly  studded  with 
the  stumps  of  the  newly  felled  trees. 

Most  bountiful  provision  had  been  made  for  the  temporal 
wants  of  the  colonists,  and  Lescarbot  is  profuse  in  praise  of  the 
liberality  of  De  Monts  and  two  merchants  of  Rochelle,  who  had 
freighted  the  ship  Jonas. 

The  principal  persons  of  the  colony  sat,  fifteen  in  number,  at 
Poutrincourt*s  table,  which,  by  an  ingenious  device  of  Cham- 
plain,  was  always  well  furnished.  He  formed  the  fifteen  into  a 
new  order,  christened  "L'Ordre  de  Bon-Temps."*  Each  was 
Grand  Master  in  turn,  holding  office  for  one  day.  It  was  his 
function  to  cater  for  the  company  ;  and,  as  it  became  a  point 
of  honor  to  fill  the  post  with   credit,  the    prospective  Grand 


"Ii'Or(ire  de  BonTempB"— The  Good-Cheer  Society. 


26 


CHAMPLATK  AND  HTS  ASSOCIATES. 


Master  was  usually  bnsy,  for  several  days  before  coming  to  his 
dignity,  in  luuitiug,  fitliing,  or  bartering  provisions  with  the 
Indians. 

Thus  did  Poutrincouit's  table  groa^i  beneath  all  the  luxuries 
of  the  winter  forest — flesh  of  moOse,  caribou,  and  deer,  beaver, 
otter,  and  hare,  bears  and  wild-cats ;  wit'.i  ducks,  gee:-e,  grouse, 
and  plover ;  sturgeon,  too,  and  trout,  and  fish  innumerable, 
speared  tli rough  the  ice  of  the  Equille,'  or  drawn  from  the 
di'ptiis  of  the  neighboring  sea.  As  for  the  preparation  of  this 
m:init'old  provision,  for  that  too  was  the  Grand  Master  answera- 
ble ;  since,  during  his  day  of  office,  he  was  autocrat  of  the 
kitciien. 

Nor  did  this  bounteous  repa-t  lack  a  solemn  and  befitting 
ceremonial.  When  the  hour  had  struck, — after  the  manner  of 
our  fatheis  they  dined  at  noon, — the  Grand  Master  entered  the 
hall,  a  napkin  on  his  shoulder,  his  staff  of  office  in  his  hand,  and 
the  collar  of  the  order — of  which  the  chronicler  fails  not  to 
commemorate  the  costline.^s — about  liis  neck.  The  brotherhood 
followed,  each  bearing  a  dish. 

The  invited  guests  were  Indian  chiefs,  of  whom  old  Mem- 
bertou  was  daily  present,  seated  at  table  with  the  French,  who 
took  pleasure  in  this  red-skin  companionship.  Those  of  hum- 
bler degree,  warriors,  squaws,  and  children,  sat  on  the  floor  or 
crouched  together  in  the  corners  of  the  hall,  eagerly  waiting 
their  portion  of  biscuit  or  of  bread,  a  novel  and  much-coveted 
luxury.  Treated  always  with  kindness,  they  became  fond  of  the 
French,  who  often  followed  them  on  their  moose-hunts,  and 
shared  their  winter-bivouac. 

At  th->ir  evening  meal  there  was  less  of  form  and  circum- 
st:-    H  1.  svhen  the  winter  night  closed  in,  when  the  flame 

c.  .  '-'A  A  tiie  sparks  streamed  up  the  wide-throated  chimney, 
wheL  .  ;  ,  ^ders  of  New  France  and  their  tawny  allies  were 
gathered  around  the  blaze,  then  did  the  Grand  Master  resign 
the  collar  and  thte  staff  to  the  successor  of  his  honors,  and-  with 


*  Eq  Ulo-  -a  smal^  river,  so  named 
from  a  small  fish  of  tliat   name, 


with  which  it  abounded.  Afterward 
called  the  Dauphin. 


CnAMPLAIN  AND  IHS  ASSOCIATES. 


27 


ere 


ard 


jovial  courtesy,  pledge  him  in  a  cup  of  wine.  Thus  did  these 
ingenious  Frenchmen  beguile  the  winter  of  their  exile. 

All  seemed  full  of  promise  ;  but  alas  for  the  bright  liope  that 
kindled  the  manly  heart  of  Champlaiii  and  the  earnest  spirit  of 
the  vivacious  advocate  !  A  sudden  bliglit  fell  on  them,  and 
their  rising  prosperity  withered  to  the  ground.  On  a  morning, 
late  in  spiing,  as  the  French  were  at  breakfast,  the  ever-watch- 
ful Membertou  came  in  with  news  of  an  approaching  sail.  They 
hastened  to  the  shore  ;  but  the  vision  of  the  centenarian  saga- 
more" put  them  all  to  shame.     They  could  see  nothing. 

At  length  their  doubts  were  resolved.  In  full  view  a  small 
vessel  stood  on  towards  them,  and  anchored  before  the  fort. 
She  was  commanded  by  one  Chevalier,  a  young  man  from  St. 
Malo,  and  was  freighted  with  disat^trous  tidings.  De  Monts's 
monopoly  was  rescinded.  The  life  of  the  enterprise  was  stopped, 
and  the  establishment  at  Port  Royal  could  no  longer  be  sup- 
ported ;  for  its  expense  was  great,  the  body  of  the  colony  be- 
ing laborers  in  the  pay  of  the  company. 

De  Monts,  after  his  exclusive  privilege  of  trade  was  revoked, 
and  his  Acadian  enterprise  ruined,  abandoned  it  to  Puutrin- 
court.  Well,  perhaps,  w^ould  it  have  been  for  him  had  he  aban- 
doned with  it  all  Transatlantic  enterprises ;  but  the  passion  for 
discovery,  the  noble  ambition  of  founding  colonies,  had  taken 
possession  of  his  mind.  Nor  does  it  appear  that  he  was  actuated 
by  hopes  of  gain.  Yet  the  profits  of  the  fur-trade  were  vital  to 
the  new  dei^igns  he  was  meditating,  to  meet  the  heavy  outlay  they 
demanded  ;  and  he  solicited  and  obtained  a  fresh  monopoly  of 
the  traffic  for  one  year. 

Champhiin  was  at  the  time  in  Paris  ;  but  his  unquiet 
thouglits  turned  westward.  He  was  enamored  of  the  New 
World,  whose  rugged  charms  had  seized  his  fancy  and  his  heart; 
and  as  explorers  of  Arctic  seas  have  pined  in  their  repose  for 
polar  ice  and  snow,  so  did  he,  with  restless  longing,  revert  to  the 
fog-wrapped  coasts,  the  piny  odors  of  forests,  the  noise  of  waters, 
the  sharp  and  piercing  punliglit,  ?o  d-ar  to  his  remembrance. 

*  Sagamore — the  head  of  a  tribe  ti'.Dong  the  American  ludiaus. 


28 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


Five  years  before,  he  had  explored  the  St.  Lawrence  as  far  as 
the  rapids  above  Montreal.  On  its  banks,  as  he  thought,  \vas 
the  true  site  for  a  settlement,  a  fortified  post,  whence,  as  from  a 
secure  basis,  the  waters  of  the  vast  interior  might  be  traced  buck 
toward  their  sources,  and  a]  western  route  discovered  to  China 
and  the  East. 

De  Monts  embraced  his  views ;  and,  fitting  out  two  ships, 
gave  command  of  one  to  the  elder  Pontgrave,  of  the  other  to 
Champlain.  The  former  was  to  trade  with  the  Indians  and 
bring  back  the  cargo  of  furs  which,  it  was  hoped,  would  meet  the 
expense  of  the  voyage.  To  the  latter  fell  the  harder  task  of 
settlement  and  exploration. 

Pontgrave,  laden  with  goods  for  the  Indian  trade  of  Tadous- 
sac,  sailed  from  Honfleur  on  the  fifth  of  April,  1608.  Cham- 
plain,  with  men,  arms,  and  stores  for  the  colony,  followed  eight 
days  later.  On  the  fifteenth  of  May  he  was  on  the  Grand  Bank; 
on  the  thirtieth  he  passed  Gaspe,  and  on  the  third  of  June 
neared  Tadoussac. 

Champlain  spread  his  sails,  and  once  more  held  his  course  up 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Far  to  the  south,  in  sun  and  shadow,  slum- 
bered the  woody  mountains  whence  fell  the  countless  springs 
of  the  St.  John,  behind  tenantless  shores,  now  white  with 
glimmering  villages. 

Above  the  point  of  the  Island  of  Orleans,  a  constriction  of 
the  vast  channel  narrows  it  to  a  mile ;  on  one  hand,  the  green 
heights  of  Point  Levi  ;^  on  the  other,  the  cliffs  of  Quebec' 
Here,  a  small  stream,  the  St.  Charles,  enters  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  in  the  angle  betwixt  them  rises  the  promontory,  on  two  sides 
a  natural  fortress.  Land  among  the  walnut-trees  that  formed  a 
belt  between  the  cliffs  and  the  St.  Lawrence.  Climb  the  steep 
height,  now  bearing  aloft  its  ponderous  load  of  churches,  con- 
vents, dwellings,  ramparts,  and  batteries,  — there  w^as  an  accessi- 
ble point,  a  rough  passage,  gullied  downward  where  Prescott 

'  Point  Levi,  or  Levis,  is  opposite  «  Quebec.     The  name  is  undoubt- 

Quebee,  on  the  southern  shore  of  the      edly  of   Indian  origin,   signifying 
St.  Lawrence  River.  narrow,  or  a  strait. 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


'^9 


of 


Gate  now  opens  on  the  Lower  Town.  Mount  to  the  liighest 
summit.  Cape  Diamond,  now  zigzagged  with  warlike  masonry. 
Then  the  fierce  sun  fell  on  the  bald,  baking  rock,  with  its  crisped 
mosses  and  parched  lichens.  Two  centuries  and  a  half  have 
quickened  the  solitude  with  swarming  life,  covered  the  deep 
bosom  of  the  river  with  barge  and  steamer  and  gliding  sail,  and 
reared  cities  and  villages  on  the  site  of  forests  ;  but  nothing  can 
destroy  the  surpassing  grandeur  of  the  scene. 

Grasp  the  savin '  anchored  in  the  fissure,  lean  over  the  brink 
of  the  precipice,  and  look  downward,  a  little  to  the  left,  on  the 
belt  of  woods  which  covers  the  strand  between  the  water  and  the 
base  of  the  cliffs.  Here  a  gang  of  ax-men  are  at  work,  and 
Points  Levi  and  Orleans  echo  the  crash  of  falling  trees. 

A  few  weeks  passed,  and  a  pile  of  wooden  buildings  rose  on 
the  brink  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  on  or  near  the  site  of  the  market- 
place of  the  Lower  Town  of  Quebec. 

It  was  on  the  eighteenth  of  September  that  Pontgrave  set 
sail,  leaving  Champlain  with  twenty-eight  men  to  hold  Quebec 
through  the  winter.  Three  weeks  later  and  shores  and  hills 
glowed  with  gay  prognostics  of  approaching  desolation,— the 
yellow  and  scarlet  of  the  maples,  the  deep  purple  of  the  ash,  the 
garnet  hue  of  young  oaks,  the  bonfire  blaze  of  the  tupelo  '"  at  the 
water's  edge,  and  the  golden  plumage  of  birch-saplings  in  the 
fissure  of  the  cliff.  It  was  a  short-lived  beauty.  The  forest 
dropped  its  festal  robes.  Shriveled  and  faded,  they  rustled  to 
the  earth.  The  crystal  air  and  laughing  sun  of  October  passed 
away,  and  November  sank  upon  the  shivering  waste,  chill,  and 
somber  as  the  tomb.  One  would  gladly  know  how  the  founders 
of  Quebec  spent  the  long  hours  of  their  first  winter  ;  but  on  this 
point  the  only  man  among  them,  perhaps,  who  could  write,  has 
not  thought  it  necessary  to  enlarge.    Toward  the  close  of  win- 


i°g 


•  Savin— an  evergreen  tree  or 
shrub.  It  is  a  compact  bush,  with 
dark-colored  foliage,  and  producing 
small  berries.    In  some  portions  of 


the  country  it  is  called  the  juniper- 
bush. 

'<»  Tupelo— the  Indian  name  of  a 
tree  of  the  dogwood  family,  called 
also  pepperidge  aod  sour  gum. 


30 


CHAMrLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


ter,  all  found  abundant  employment  in  nursing  themselves  or 
their  neighbors,  for  the  inevitable  scurvy  broke  out  with  viru- 
lence. At  the  middle  of  May,  only  eight  men  of  the  twenty- 
eight  were  alive,  and  of  these  half  were  suffering  from  disease. 

This  wintry  jiurgatory  wore  away ;  the  icy  stalactites  that 
hung  from  the  cliffs  fell  crashing  to  the  earth  ;  the  clamor  of 
the  wild-geese  was  heard  ;  the  bluebirds  appeared  in  the  naked 
woods  ;  the  water-willows  were  covered  with  their  soft  caterpillur- 
like  blossoms ;  the  twigs  of  the  swamp-maple  were  flushed  with 
ruddy  bloom  ;  the  ash  hung  out  its  black-tufted  flowers ;  the 
shad-bush  seemed  a  wreath  of  snow;  the  white  stars  of  the  blood- 
root  gleamed  among  dank,  fallen  leaves  ;  and  in  the  young  grass 
of  the  wet  meadows  the  marsh-marigolds  shone  like  spots  of 
gold. 

Great  was  the  joy  of  Champlain  when  he  saw  a  sail-boat 
rounding  the  Point  of  Orleans,  betokening  that  the  spring  had 
brought  with  it  the  longed-for  succors.  A  son-in-law  of  Pont- 
grave,  named  Marais,  was  on  board,  and  he  reported  that  Pont- 
grave  was  then  at  Tadoussac,  where  he  had  lately  arrived. 
Thither  Champlain  hastened,  to  take  counsel  with  his  comrade. 
His  constitution  or  his  courage  had  defied  the  scurvy. .  They 
met,  and  it  was  determined  betwixt  them,  that,  while  Pontgrave 
remained  in  charge  of  Quebec,  Champlain  should  enter  at  once 
on  his  long-meditated  explorations,  by  which,  like  La  Salle 
seventy  years  later,  he  had  good  hope  of  finding  a  way  to  China. 

But  there  was  a  lion  in  the  path.  The  Indian  tribes,  war- 
hawks  of  the  wilderness,  to  whom  peace  was  unknown,  infested 
with  their  scalping-parties  the  streams  and  pathways  of  the 
forest,  increasing  tenfold  its  inseparable  risks.  That  to  all  these 
hazards  Champlain  was  more  than  indifferent,  his  after-career 
bears  abundant  witness;  yet  now  an  expedient  for  evading  them 
offered  itself,  so  consonant  with  his  instincts  that  he  was  fain  to 
accept  it.  Might  he  not  anticipate  surprises,  join  a  war-party, 
and  fight  his  way  to  discovery? 

During  the  last  autumn,  a  young  chief  from  the  banks  of  the 
then  unknown  Ottawa  had  been  at  Quebec;  and,  amazed  at  what 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


31 


he  saw,  he  liad  begged  Chumplain  to  join  him  in  the  spring 
against  his  enemies.  Tliese  enemies  were  a  formidable  race  of 
savages,  the  Iroquois,"  or  Five  Coiifedei'ate  Nations,  dwellers  in 
fortified  villages  within  limits  now  embraced  by  the  State  of  New 
York,  to  whom  was  afterwards  given  the  fanciful  name  of 
'*  Romans  of  the  New  World,"  and  who  even  then  were  a  terror 
to  all  the  surrounding  forests.  Conspicuous  among  their  enemies 
were  their  kindred,  the  tribes  of  the  Hurons,  dwelling  on  the 
lake  which  bears  their  name,  and  allies  of  Algonquin  bands  on 
the  Ottawa.  All  alike  were  tillers  of  the  soil,  living  at  ease  when 
compared  to  the  famished  Algonquins  of  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


1609. 


he 
jse 
jer 
jm 
to 

ihe 

lat 


LAKE  CHAMPLAIN. 

Champlaln  joins  a  War-party.— Preparation.— Departure. — The  River 
Richelieu. — The  Spirits  consulted. — Discovery  of  Lake  Chainplain. — 
Battle  with  the  Iroquois. — Victory. 

It  was  past  the  middle  of  May,  and  the  expected  warriors 
from  the  upper  country  had  not  come:  a  delay  which  seems  to 
have  given  Champlain  little  concern,  for,  without  waiting  loiigei*, 
he  set  forth  with  no  better  allies  than  a  band  of  ]\Iontagnais. ' 
But  as  he  moved  up  the  St.  Lawrence  he  saw,  thickly  clustered 
in  the  bordering  forest,  the  lodges  of  an  Indian  camp,  and,  land- 


11  Iroquois,  Hurons,  Algonqain.  The 
tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi,  be- 
tween the  latitudes  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior  and  the  Ohio,  were  divided 
into  two  groups  or  families,  dis- 
tinguished by  a  radical  difference 
of  language.  One  of  these  families 
of  tribes  is  called  Algonquin,  the 


other  is  called  the  Huron-Iroquois. 

'  Montagnais.  The  Montagnais 
and  the  Algonquins  belonged  to  the 
same  family.  The  name  is  sup- 
posed to  indicate  their  custom  of 
hunting  in  the  mountains  during 
the  winter. 


33 


CHAMPLArX  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


ing,  found  his  Huron  and  Algonquin  allies.  Few  of  them  had 
ever  seen  a  white  man.  Tliey  surrounded  the  steel-elad  strangers 
in  speechless  wonderment.  Champhiin  asked  for  their  chief, 
and  the  staring  throng  moved  with  him  toward  a  lodge  wliere 
sat,  not  one  chief,  but  two,  for  each  band  had  its  own.  There 
were  feasting,  smoking,  speeches;  and,  the  needful  ceremony 
over,  all  descended  together  to  Quebec;  for  the  strangers  were 
bent  on  seeing  tiiose  wonders  of  architecture  whose  fame  had 
pierced  the  recesses  of  their  forests. 

On  their  arrival  they  feasted  their  eyes  and  glutted  their 
appetites;  yelped  consternation  at  the  sharp  explosion  of  the 
arquebuse  and  tlie  roar  of  the  cannon;  pitched  their  camps,  and 
bedecked  themselves  for  their  war-dance.  In  the  still  night 
their  fire  glared  against  the  black  and  jagged  cliff,  and  the 
fierce  red  ligiit  fell  on  tawny  limbs  convulsed  with  frenzied 
gestures  and  ferocious  stampings;  on  contorted  visages,  hideous 
with  paint;  on  brandished  weapons,  stone  war-clubs,  stone 
hatchets,  and  stone-pointed  lances;  while  the  drum  kept  up  its 
hollow  boom,  and  the  air  was  split  with  mingled  yells,  till  the 
horned  owl  on  Point  Levi,  startled  at  the  sound,  gave  back  a 
whoop  no  less  discordant. 

Stand  with  Champlain  and  view  the  war-dance;  sit  with  him 
at  the  war-feast — a  close-packed  company,  ring  within  ring  of 
ravenous  f casters;  then  embark  with  him  on  his  hare-brained 
venture  of  discovery.  It  was  in  a  small  shallop,  carrying,  besides 
himself,  eleven  men.  They  were  armed  witii  the  arquebuse,  a 
matchlock  or  firelock  somewhat  like  tlvc  modern  carbine,  and 
from  its  shortness  not  ill-suited  for  use  in  the  forest.  On  the 
twenty-eighth  of  May  they  spread  their  sails  and  held  their 
course  against  the  current,  while  around  them  the  river  was 
alive  with  canoes,  and  hundreds  of  naked  arms  plied  the  paddle 
with  a  steady,  measured  sweep.  They  crossed  the  Lake  of  St. 
Peter,  threaded  the  devious  channels  among  its  many  islands, 
and  reached  at  last  the  mouth  of  the  Riviere  des  Iroquois,  since 
called  the  Richelieu,  or  the  St.  John.  The  warriors  observed  a 
certain  system  in  their  advance.     Some  were  in  front  as  a  van- 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


88 


guard;  others  formed  tlie  main  body;  while  an  equal  number 
were  in  the  forests  on  tlie  flanks  and  rear,  hunting  for  the  sub- 
sistence of  the  wliole ;  for,  thougli  tliey  hud  a  provision  of  parched 
maize  pounded  into  meal,  they  kept  it  for  use  when,  from  the 
vicinity  of  the  enemy,  hunting  should  become  impossible. 

Late  in  the  day  tlity  landed  and  drew  up  their  canoes,  ranging 
them  closely,  side  by  side.  All  was  life  and  bustle.  Some 
stripped  sheets  of  bark,  to  cover  their  camp-sheds;  others 
gathered  wood — the  forest  was  full  of  dead,  dry  trees;  others 
felled  the  living  trees  for  a  barricade.  They  seem  to  have  had 
steel  axes,  obtained  by  barter  from  the  French;  for  in  less  than 
two  hours  they  had  made  a  strong  defensive  work,  a  half-circle 
in  form,  open  on  the  river  side,  where  their  canoes  lay  on  the 
strand,  and  large  enough  to  enclose  all  their  huts  and  sheds. 
Some  of  their  number  had  gone  forward  as  scouts,  and,  return- 
ing, reported  no  signs  of  an  enemy.  This  was  the  extent  of 
their  precaution,  for  they  placed  no  guard,  but  all,  in  full  secur- 
ity, stretched  themselves  to  sleep — a  vicious  custom,  from  which 
the  lazy  warrior  of  the  forest  rarely  departs. 

Again  the  canoes  advanced,  the  river  widening  as  they  went. 
Great  islands  appeared,  leagues  in  extent — Isle  li  la  Motte,  Long 
Island,  Grande  Isle.'  Channels  where  ships  might  float  and 
broad  reaches  of  expanding  water  stretched  between  them,  and 
Champlain  entered  the  lake  which  preserves  his  name  to  pos- 
terity. Cumberland  Head  was  passed,  and  from  the  opening  of 
the  great  channel  between  Grande  Isle  and  the  main  he  could 
look  forth  on  the  wilderness  sea.  Edged  with  woods,  the  tran- 
quil flood  spread  southward  beyond  the  sight.  Far  on  the  left 
the  forest  ridges  of  the  Green  Mountains  were  heaved  against  the 
sun,  patches  of  snow  still  glistening  on  their  tops;  and  on  the 
right  rose  the  Adirondacks.' 


^  Isle  a  la  Motte,  Grande  Isle — isl- 
ands in  the  northern  part  of  Lake 
Champlain.  Named  respectively 
for  Sieur  de  la  Motte,  and  because 
the  largest  island  in  the  lake. 


^  Adirondacks— a  group  of  moun- 
tains in  Northern  New  York,  re- 
markable for  grand  and  picturesque 
scenery. 


134 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  IFTS  ASSOCIATES. 


Tlio  progress  of  tho  party  was  becoming  dangorons.  Tlicy 
oliaiiged  thi'ir  modo  of  iidvaiico,  und  moved  only  in  the  uiglit. 
All  day  they  lay  close  in  tlu;  depth  of  the  foirst,  sleeping,  loung- 
ing, smoking  tobacco  of  their  own  raising,  and  beguiling  the 
hours,  no  doubt,  with  the  shallow  banter  with  which  knots  of 
Indians  are  wont  to  amuse  their  leisure.  At  twilight  they 
embaiked  again,  paddling  their  cautious  way  till  the  eastern 
sky  l)(»gan  to  redden.  Their  goal  was  the  rocky  promontory 
where  Fort  Tirionderoga  "  was  long  afterward  built.  Thence 
they  would  pass  the  outlet  of  Lake  George,^'  and  launch  their 
canoes  again  on  that  Como '  of  the  wilderness,  whose  waters, 
limpid  as  a  fountain-head,  stn^tched  far  southward  between 
their  flanking  mountains.  Landing  at  the  future  site  of  Fort 
William  Ilenry,^  they  would  carry  their  canoes  through  the 
forest  to  the  River  Hudson,  and  descending  it,  attack,  perhaps, 
some  outlying  town  of  the  Mohawks.  In  the  next  century  this 
chain  of  lakes  and  rivers  became  the  grand  highway  of  savage 
and  civilized  war,  a  bloody  debatable  ground,  linked  to  memories 
of  momentous  conflicts. 

The  allies  were  si)iired  so  long  a  progress.  On  the  morning 
of  the  twenty-ninth  of  July,  after  paddling  all  night,  they  hid  as 
usual  in  the  forest  on  the  western  shore,  not  far  from  Crown 
Point.  The  warriors  strettdied  themselves  to  their  slumbers, 
and  Champlain,  after  walking  for  a  time  through  the  surround- 
ing woods,  returned  to  take  his  repose  on  a  pile  of  spruce-boughs. 
Sleeping,  he  dreamed  a  dream,  wherein  he  beheld  the  Iroquois 
drowning  in  the  lake;  and,  essaying  to  rescue  them,  he  was  told 
by  his  Algonquin  friends  that  they  were  good  for  nothing,  and 

the  foot  of  the  Rhsetiun  Alps.  It  is 
the  most  bonuliful,  as  well  as  ccle- 
hnvted,  of  all  the  lakes  of  North 
Italy 

'  Fort  "William  Henry— a  fortifi- 
ealion  at  the  head  of  Lake  George, 
built  in  1755,  and  captured  from  tlie 
English  by  the  French-Canadian 
forces  under  Montcalm  in  1757. 


■*  Ticonderogaa— a  promontory  on 
the  western  shore  of  th<^  lake.  Des- 
tined to  become  more  famous  in  the 
RevoliUionary  War. 

*  Lake  George  — named  by  the 
French  Lake  St.  Sacrnnu'tit,  but  at 
the  time  of  Champlain 's  visit  he 
ga  'C  it  no  name. 

**  Como.     Lake  Como  is  situated  at 


CriAIirPLALy  and  jits  ASSOniATES. 


35 


had  better  be  left  to  their  fate.  Now,  lie  had  been  daily  beset, 
on  iiwukeiiiiig,  by  his  superstitious  allies,  eager  to  learn  about  his 
dreams;  and  to  this  moment  his  uiibroken  !<luinbers  had  i'ailed 
to  furuish  the  desired  prognostics.  '^J'he  announeeme?it  of  this 
auspicious  vision  filled  the  crowd  with  joy,  and  at  nightlall  they 
embarked,  flushed  with  anticipated  victoiies. 

It  was  ten  o'clock  in  the  evening  when  they  descried  dark 
objects  in  motion  on  the  lake  before  them.  These  were  a  flotilla 
of  Iroquois  canoes,  heavier  and  slower  than  theirs,  for  they  were 
made  of  oak-bark.  Each  party  saw  the  other,  and  the  mingled 
war-cries  pealed  over  the  darkened  water.  The  Iroquois,  who 
were  near  the  shore,  having  no  stomach  for  an  aquatic  battle, 
landed,  and,  making  night  hideous  with  their  clamors,  began  to 
barricade  themselves.  Ohamplain  could  see  them  in  the  woods, 
laboring  like  beavers,  hacking  down  trees  with  iron  axes  taken 
from  the  Canadian  tribes  in  war,  and  with  stone  hatchets  of  their 
own  making. 

The  allies  remained  on  the  lake,  a  bow-shot  from  the  hostile 
barricade,  their  canoes  made  fast  together  by  poles  lashed  across. 
All  night  they  danced  with  as  much  vigor  as  the  frailty  of  their 
vessels  would  perwit,  their  throats  making  amends  for  the 
enforced  restraint  of  their  limbs.  It  was  ac^reed  on  both  sides 
that  the  fight  should  be  deferred  till  daybreak  ;  but  meanwhile 
a  commerce  of  abuse,  sarcasm,  menace,  and  boasting  gave 
unceasing  exercise  to  the  lungs  and  fancy  of  the  combatants, — 
"much,"  says  Champlain,  "like  the  besiegers  and  besieged  in  a 
beleaguered  town." 

As  day  approached,  he  and  his  two  followers  put  on  the  light 
armor  of  the  time.  Champlain  wore  the  doublet  and  long  hose 
then  in  vogue.  Over  the  doublet  he  buckled  on  a  breastplafe, 
and  probably  a  back-piece,  while  his  thighs  were  [)rotected  by 
cuisttes'  of  steel,  and  his  head  by  a  plumed  casque.  Across  his 
shoulder  hung  the  strap  of  his  bantloleer,"  or  aminunition-box; 


•*  Caisses — defensive  armor  for  the; 
thighs. 

•  Bandoleer— a  large  k'atherii  belt 
Vforu  by  aacieut  musketeers  for  sus- 


tjilning  tlxiir  tive-iiniis.  Tliebaiido- 
leer  is  now  superseded  by  the  car- 
tridge box  and  shoulder-belt. 


36 


CHAMPLAm  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


at  his  side  was  his  sword,  and  in  his  hand  his  arquebuse,  which 
he  had  loaded  with  four  balls.  Such  was  the  equipment  of  this 
ancient  Indian-fighter,  whose  exploits  date  eleven  j^ears  before 
the  landing  of  the  Puritans  at  Plymouth,  and  sixty-six  years 
before  King  Philip's  War. 

Each  of  the  three  Frenchmen  was  in  a  separate  canoe,  and 
as  it  grew  light,  they  kept  themselves  hidden,  either  by  lying  %,/ 
the  bottom,  or  covering  themselves  with  an  Indian  robe.  Thv 
canoes  approached  the  shore,  and  all  landed  without  opposition 
at  some  distance  from  the  Iroquois,  whom  they  presently  could 
see  filing  out  of  their  barricade,  tall,  strong  men,  some  two  hun- 
dred in  number,  of  the  boldest  and  fiercest  warriors  of  North 
America.  They  advanced  through  the  forest  with  a  steadiness 
which  excited  the  admiration  of  C-hamplain.  Among  them  could 
be  seen  several  chiefs,  made  conspicuous  by  tlieir  tall  plumes. 
Some  bore  shields  of  wood  and  hide,  and  some  were  covered  with 
a  kind  of  armor  made  of  tough  twigs  interlaced  with  a  vegetable 
fiber  supposed  by  Champlain  to  be  cotton. 

The  allies,  growing  anxious,  called  with  loud  cries  for  their 
champion,  and  opened  tfieir  ranks  that  he  might  pass  to  the 
front.  He  did  so,  and,  advancing  before  his  red  companions-in- 
arms, stood  revealed  to  the  astonished  gaze  of  the  Iroquois,  who, 
beholding  the  warlike  apparition  in  their  path,  stared  in  mute 
amazement.  But  his  arquebuse  was  leveled  ;  the  report  startled 
the  woods,  a  chief  fell  dead,  and  another  by  his  side  rolled  among 
the  bushes.  Then  there  rose  from  the  allies  a  yell,  which,  says 
Champlain,  would  have  drowned  a  thunder-clap,  and  the  forest 
was  full  of  whizzing  arrows. 

For  a  moment  the  Iroquois  stood  firm  and  sent  back  their 
arrows  lustily;  but  when  another  nnd  another  gunshot  came 
from  the  thickets  on  tlioir  flank,  thev  broke  and  fled  in  uncon- 
trollable  terror.  Swifter  than  liounds,  tlie  allies  tore  through 
the  bushes  in  pursuit.  Some  of  the  Iroquois  were  killed  ;  more 
were  taken.  Camp,  canoes,  provisions,  all  were  abandoned,  and 
many  weapons  flung  down  in  the  panic  flight.  The  arquebuse 
had  done  its  work.     The  victory  was  complete. 


i 


, 


CHAMPLATN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


37 


Ihus  did  New  France  rush  into  collision  with  the  redoubted 
warriors  of  the  Five  Nations.  Here  was  the  beginning,  in  some 
measure  doubtless  the  cause,  of  a  long  sulie  ot  murderous  con- 
flicts, bearing  havoc  and  flame  to  generations  yet  unborn. 
Champlain  had  invaded  the  tiger^s  den  ;  and  now,  in  smothered 
fury,  the  patient  savage  would  lie  biding  his  day  of  blood. 


CHAPTER  V. 

1610—1612. 

WAR.— TRADE.— DISCOVERY. 

Champlain  at  Fontainebleaii.— Champlain  on  the  St.  Lawrence. — Alarm. 
— Battle. — Champlain  at  Montreal, — Return  to  France. 

Champlain"  and  Pontgrave  returned  to  France.  Pierre 
Chauvin  of  Dieppe  held  Quebec  in  their  absence.  The  king 
was  at  Fontainebleau, ' — it  was  a  few  months  before  his  assassina- 
tion,— and  here  Champlain  recounted' his  adventures,  to  the  great 
contentment  of  the  lively  monarch.  He  gave  him  also  a  belt 
wrought  in  embroidery  of  dyed  quills  of  the  Canada  porcupine, 
together  with  two  small  birds  of  scarlet  plumage,  and  the  skull 
of  a  garfish.* 

With  the  opening  spring  he  was  afloat  again.  Perils  awaited 
him  worse  than  those  of  Iroquois  tomahawks ;  for,  approaching 
Newfoundland,  the  ship  was  entangled  for  days  among  drifting 
fields  and  bergs  of  ice.  Escaping  at  length,  she  arrived  at 
Tadoussac  on  the  thirteenth  of  May,  1611.  She  had  anticipated 
the  spring.     Forests  and  mountains,  far  and  near,  all  were  white 


*  Fontainebleaa— a  beautiful  palace 
about  35  miles  from  Paris.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  maguiticent  royal 
residences  in  Europe,  and  associated 
with  many  historical  events  of  im- 
portance. 


-  Gar  fish— the  name  applied  to  a 
fish  because  of  its  long  and  .slender 
body  and  pointed  head.  Derived 
from  the  Anglo-Saxon  name  gar^ 
meaning  a  spear. 


3S 


CHAMPLAIN  AKD  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


with  snow.  A  principal  object  with  Champlain  was  to  establish 
such  relations  with  the  great  Indian  communities  of  the  interior 
as  to  secure  to  De  Monts  and  his  associates  the  advantage  of  trade 
with  them  ;  and  to  this  end  he  now  repaired  to  Montreal,  a  posi- 
tion in  the  gateway,  as  it  were,  of  their  yearly  descents  of  trade  or 
war.  On  arriving  he  began  to  survey  the  ground  for  the  site  of 
a  permanent  post. 

A  few  days  convinced  him,  that,  under  the  present  system,  all 
his  efforts  would  be  vain.  Wild  reports  of  the  wonders  of  New 
France  had  gone  abroad,  and  a  crowd  of  hungry  adventurers  had 
hastened  to  the  land  of  promise,  eager  to  grow  rich,  they  scarcely 
knew  how,  and  soon  to  return  disgusted.  A  fleet  of  boats  and 
small  vessels  followed  in  Champlain^s  wake.  Within  a  few  days 
thirteen  of  them  arrived  at  Montreal,  and  more  soon  appeared. 
He  was  to  break  the  ground ;  others  would  reap  the  harvest. 
Travel,  discovery,  and  battle,  all  must  inure  to  the  profit,  not  of 
the  colony,  but  of  a  crew  of  greedy  traders. 

Now,  down  the  surges  of  St.  Louis,  where  the  mighty  floods 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  contracted  to  a  narrow  throat,  roll  in  fury 
among  their  sunken  rocks, — here,  through  foam  and  spray  and 
the  roar  of  the  angry  torrent,  a  fleet  of  birch  canoes  came  danc- 
ing like  dry  leaves  on  the  froth  of  some  riotous  brook.  They 
bore  a  band  of  Hurons,  first  at  the  rendezvous.  As  they  drew 
near  the  lauding,  all  the  fur-traders'  boats  blazed  forth  in  a  clat- 
tering fusillade,  which  was  designed  to  bid  them  welcome,  but, 
in  fact,  terrified  many  of  them  to  such  a  degree  that  they  scarcely 
dared  to  come  ashore. 

Nor  were  they  reassured  by  the  bearing  of  the  disorderly 
crowd,  who,  in  jealous  competition  for  their  beaver-skins,  left 
them  not  a  moment's  peace,  and  outraged  all  their  notions  of 
decorum.  More  soon  appeared,  till  hundreds  of  warriors  were 
enoamped  along  the  shore,  all  restless,  suspicious,  and  alarmed, 
jjftte  one  night  they  awakened  Champlain.  On  going  with 
them  to  their  camp,  he  found  chiefs  and  warriors  in  solemn  con- 
clave around  the  glimmering  firelight.  Though  they  were  fear- 
ful of  the  rest,  their  trust  in  him  was  boundless.     "Come  to  our 


% 


I: 


CHAMPLAm  AXD  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


30 


) 


country,  buy  our  beaver,  build  a  fort,  teach  us  the  true  faith,  do 
what  you  will,  but  do  not  bring  this  crowd  with  you."  Aa  idea 
had  seized  them  that  these  lawless  bands  of  rival  traders,  all  well 
armed,  meant  to  attack,  plunder,  and  kill  them. 

Champlain  assured  them  of  safety,  and  the  whole  night  was  con- 
sumed in  friendly  colloquy.  Soon  afterward,  however,  the  camp 
broke  up,  and  the  uneasy  warriors  removed  to  the  borders  of  \\\q 
Lake  of  St.  Louis,  placing  the  rapids  betwixt  themselves  and  the 
objects  of  their  alarm.  Here  Champlain  visited  them,  and  hence 
these  intrepid  canoe-men,  kneeling  in  their  birchen  egg-shells, 
carried  him  homeward  down  the  rapids,  somewhat,  as  he  admits, 
to  the  discomposure  of  his  nerves. 

The  great  gathering  dispersed  :  the  traders  descended  to 
Tadoussac,  Champlain  to  Quebec;  the  Indians  went,  some  to 
their  homes,  some  to  fight  the  Iroquois.  A  few  months  later, 
Champlain  was  in  close  conference  with  De  Mouts,  at  Pons,  a 
place  uear  Rochelle,  of  which  the  latter  was  governor.  The  last 
two  years  had  made  it  apparent,  that  to  keep  the  colony  alive 
and  maintain  a  basis  for  those  discoveries  on  which  his  heart  was 
bent,  was,  without  a  change  of  system,  impossible.  De  Monts, 
engrossed  with  the  cares  of  his  government,  placed  all  in  the 
hands  of  his  associate,  and  Champlain,  fully  empowered  to  act 
as  he  should  judge  expedient,  set  out  for  Paris. 

On  reaching  Paris,  he  addressed  himself  to  a  prince  of  the 
blood,  Charles  of  Bourbon,  Comte  de  Soissons;  described  New 
France,  its  resources,  its  boundless  extent,  urged  the  need  of 
unfolding  a  mystery  pregnant  perhaps  with  results  oi  the  deepest 
moment,  laid  before  him  map9  and  memoirs,  and  beu^ged  him  to 
become  the  guardian  of  this  new  world.  The  royal  consent  being 
obtained,  the  Comte  de  Soissons  became  Lieutenant-General  for 
the  King  in  New  France,  with  viceregal  powers.  These,  in  turn, 
he  conferred  upon  Champlain,  making  him  his  lieutenant,  with 
full  control  over  the  trade  in  furs  at  and  above  Quebec,  and  with 
power  to  associate  with  himself  such  persons  as  he  saw  fit,  to  aid 
in  the  exploration  and  settlement  of  the  country. 

In  Champlain  alone  was  the  life  of  New  France.     By  instinct 


40 


CffAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


and  temperament  he  was  more  impelled  to  the  adventurous  toils 
of  exploration  than  to  the  duller  task  of  building  colonies.  The 
profits  of  trade  had  value  in  his  eyes  only  as  means  to  these  ends, 
and  settlements  were  important  chiefly  as  a  base  of  discovery. 


CHAPTER  VI 


1612,  1613. 


•*? 


THE  IvVPr-    OR  VIGNAN. 

Ilhisions. — A  Path  to  the  X/rtb  Sea. — The  Ottawa. — Forest  Travelers.— 
ludian  Feast.— The  Impose >.  Ex^josed.— Return  to  Montreal. 

The  arrangements  just  indicated  were  a  work  of  time.  In 
the  summer  of  1612  Champlain  was  forced  to  forego  his  yearly 
voyage  to  New  France;  nor  even  in  the  following  spring  were 
his  labors  finished  and  the  rival  interests  brought  to  harmony. 
Meanwhile,  incidents  occurred  destined  to  have  no  small  influ- 
ence on  his  movements.  Three  years  before,  after  his  second 
fig'  ■  with  the  Iroquois,  a  young  man  of  his  company  had  boldly 
voianteered  to  join  the  Indians  on  their  homeward  journey,  and 
winter  among  them. 

Champlain  gladly  assented,  and  in  the  following  summer  the 
adventurer  returned.  Another  young  man,  one  Nicholas  de  Vig- 
nan,  next  offered  himself  ;  and  he,  also,  embarking  in  the  Algon- 
quin canoes,  passed  up  the  Ottawa  and  was  seen  no  more  for  a 
twelvemonth.  In  1612  he  reappeared  in  Paris,  hringing  a  tale 
of  wonders;  for,  says  Champlain,  *'he  was  the  most  impudent 
liar  that  has  been  seen  for  many  a  day."  He  averred  that  at  the 
sources  of  the  Ottawa  he  had  found  a  great  lake ;  that  he  had 
crossed  it,  and  discovered  a  river  flowing  northward  ;  that  he 
.bad  descended  this  river,  and  reached  the  shores  of  the  sea  ;  that 
here  he  had  seen  the  wreck  of  an  English  ship,  whose  crew, 


( 


CHAMPLAIN  AXD  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


41 


I 


escaping  to  land,  had  been  killed  by  the  Indians ;  and  that  this 
sea  was  distant  from  Montreal  only  seventeen  days  by  canoe. 

The  clearness,  consistency,  and  apparent  simplicity  of  his 
storj-  deceived  Champlain,  who  had  heard  of  a  voyage  of  the 
English  to  the  northern  seas,  coupled  with  rumors  of  wreck  and 
disaster,  and  was  thus  confirmed  in  his  belief  of  Vignan's  hon- 
esty. The  Marechal  de  Brissac,  the  President  Jeannin,  and 
other  persons  of  eminence  about  the  court,  greatly  interested  by 
these  dexterous  fabrications,  urged  Champlain  to  follow  up  with- 
out delay  a  discovery  which  promised  results  so  important ;  while 
he,  with  the  Pacific,  Japan,  China,  the  Spice  Islands,  and  India 
stretching  in  flattering  vista  before  his  fancy,  entered  with  eager- 
ness on  the  chase  of  this  illusion. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1613  the  unwearied  voyager  crossed 
the  Atlantic  and  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence.  On  Monday,  the 
twenty-seventh  of  May,  he  left  the  Island  of  St.  Helen,  opposite 
Montreal,  with  four  Frenchmen,  one  of  whom  was  Nicholas  de 
Vignan,  and  one  Indian,  in  two  small  canoes.  They  passed  the 
swift  current  of  St.  Ann's,  crossed  the  lake  of  Two  Mountains,' 
and  advanced  up  the  Ottawa  till  the  rapids  of  Carillon  and  the 
Long  Saut'  checked  their  course. 

All  day  they  plied  their  paddles.  Night  came,  and  they 
made  their  camp-fire  in  the  forest.  He  who  now,  when  two 
centuries  and  a  half  are  passed,  would  see  the  evening  bivouac 
of  Champlain,  has  but  to  encamp,  with  Indian  guides,  on  the 
upper  waters  of  this  same  Ottawa, — to  this  day  a  solitude, — or 
on  the  borders  of  some  lonely  river  of  New  Brunswick  or  of 
Maine. 

The  voyagers  gathered  around  the  flame,  the  red  men  and 
the  white,  these  cross-legged  on  the  earth,  those  crouching  like 
apes,  each  feature  painted  in  fiery  light  as  they  waited  their 
evening   meal, — trout   and   perch  on  forked  sticks  before  the 


1  Lake  of  Two  Mountains.  A  beau- 
tiful lake  formed  by  an  expansion 
of  the  river  Ottawa  near  its  mouth. 


'  Long  Saut.     Long  rapids  on  the 
Ottawa  River. 


42 


CHA3rrLAIX  AND  IITS  ASSOCIATES. 


scorching  blaze.  Then  each  spread  liis  couch — boughs  of  the 
spruce,  hemlock,  bali^am-fir,  or  pine — and  stretched  himself  to 
rest.  Perhaps,  as  the  night  wore  on,  chilled  by  the  river-damps, 
some  slumberer  woke,  rose,  kneeled  by  the  sunken  fire,  spread 
his  numbed  hands  over  the  dull  embers,  and  stirred  them  with  a 
half-consumed  brand. 

Day  dawned.  The  east  glowed  with  tranquil  fire,  that  pierced, 
with  eyes  of  flame,  the  fir-trees  whose  jagged  tops  stood  drawn 
in  black  against  tlie  burning  heaven.  Beneath,  the  glossy  river 
slept  in  shadow,  or  spread  far  and  wide  in  sheets  of  burnished 
bronze  ;  and,  in  the  western  sky,  the  white  moon  hung  like  a 
disk  of  silver.  Now  a  fervid  light  touched  the  dead  top  of  the 
hemlock,  and  now,  creeping  downward,  it  bathed  the  mossy  beard 
of  the  patriarchal  cedar,  unstirred  in  the  breathless  air.  Now  a 
fiercer  spark  beamed  from  the  east ;  and  now,  half  risen  on  the 
sight,  a  dome  of  crimson  fire,  the  sun  blazed  with  floods  of  radi- 
ance across  the  awakened  wilderness. 

The  paddles  flashed  ;  the  voyagers  held  their  course.  And 
soon  the  still  surface  was  flecked  with  spots  of  foam  ;  islets  of 
froth  floated  by,  tokens  of  some  great  convulsion.  Then,  on 
their  left,  the  falling  curtain  of  the  Rideau'  shone  like  silver 
betwixt  its  bordering  woods,  and  in  front,  white  as  a  snow-drift, 
the  cataracts  of  the  Chaudiere*  barred  their  Avay.  They  saw  the 
dark  cliffs,  gloomy  with  impending  firs,  and  the  darker  torrent, 
rolling  its  mad  surges  along  the  gulf  between.  They  saw  the 
unbridled  river  careering  down  its  sheeted  rocks,  foaming  in 
unfathomed  chasms,  wearying  the  solitude  with  the  hoarse  out- 
cry of  its  agony  and  rage. 

On  the  brink  of  the  rocky  basin  where  the  plunging  torrent 
boiled  like  a  caldron,  and  puffs  of  spray  sprang  out  from  its 


3  Rideau.  The  falls  of  the  Rideau 
are  about  50  feet  high  and  300  feet 
in  breadth.  It  is  from  their  resem- 
blance to  a  curtain  that  they  are  so 
named,  and  they  also  give  this  name 


to  the  river  that  feeds  them. 

"*  Chaudiere — an  important  river 
emptying  into  the  St.  Lawrence 
nearly  opposite  Quebec. 


*y\ 


I 


I 


(JHAMPLATN  AND  JUS  ASSOCIATES. 


43 


concussion  like  smoke  from  the  throat  of  a  cannon, — here 
Champlain's  two  Indians  took  their  stand,  and  with  a  loud  invo- 
cation, threw  tobacco  into  the  foam,  an  offering  to  the  local 
spirit,  the  Manitou  '  of  the  cataract. 

Day  by  day  brought  a  renewal  of  their  toils.  Hour  by  hour 
they  moved  prosperously  up  the  long  winding  of  tlio  solitary 
stream ;  then,  in  quick  succession,  rapid  followed  rapid,  till  the 
bed  of  the  Ottawa  seemed  a  slope  of  foam.  Now,  like  a  wall 
bristling  at  the  top  with  woody  islets,  the  Falls  of  the  Chats 
faced  them  with  the  sheer  plunge  of  their  sixteen  cataracts. 

In  these  ancient  wilds,  to  whose  ever-verdant  antiquity  the 
Pyramids  are  young  and  Nineveh"  a  mushroom  of  yesterday; 
where  the  sage  wanderer  of  the  Odyssey,"  could  he  have  urged 
his  pilgrimage  so  far,  would  have  surveyed  the  same  grand  and 
stern  monotony,  the  same  dark  sweep  of  melancholy  woods  ;  and 
where,  as  of  yore,  the  bear  and  the  wolf  still  lurk  in  the  thicket, 
and  the  lynx  glares  from  the  leafy  bough ; — here,  while  New 
England  was  a  solitude,  and  the  settlers  of  Virginia  scarcely 
•  dared  venture  inland  beyond  the  sound  of  cannon-siiot,  Cham- 
plain  was  planting  on  shores  and  islands  the  emblems  of  his 
Faith." 

Of  the  pioneers  of  the  North  American  forests,  his  name 
stands  foremost  on  the  list.  It  was  he  who  struck  the  deepest 
and  boldest  strokes  into  the  heart  of  their  pristine  barbarism. 
At  Chantilly,  at  Fontainebleau,  at   Paris,  in   the  cabinets   of 


*  Manitou.  An  invariable  custom 
with  the  upper  Indians  on  passing 
this  place.  The  same  custom  ^vas 
discovered  by  Capt.  John  Smith, 
among  the  Indians  in  Virginia.  It 
was  thought  to  insure  a  safe  voyage  ; 
but  it  was  often  an  occasion  of  dis 
aster,  since  hostile  war  parties,  lying 
in  ambush  at  the  spot,  would  sur- 
prise and  kill  the  votaries  of  the 
Manitou  in  the  very  presence  of 
their  guardian. 


*  Nineveh — a  celebrated  city  of 
antiquity,  the  ruins  of  which  are 
situated  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the 
Tigris  lliver,capital  of  the  Assyrian 
Empire. 

^  Odyssey.  The  adventures  of  Ul3's- 
sus  (Odysseus)  on  his  journey  home 
from  the  wars  about  Trov,  told  by 
Homer,  in  the  epic  of  thai  name. 

*  Faith.  They  were  large  crosses 
of  white  cedar  placed  at  various 
points  along  the  river, 


44 


CUAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


princes  and  of  royalty  itself,  mingling  with  the  proud  vanities 
of  the  court ;  then  lost  from  sight  in  the  depths  of  Canada,  the 
companion  of  savages,  sharer  of  their  toils,  privations,  and  bat- 
tles, more  hardy,  patient,  and  bold  than  they  ; — such,  for  succes- 
sive years,  were  the  alternations  of  this  man's  life. 

To  follow  on  his  trail  once  more.  His  Indians  said  that  the 
rapids  of  the  river  above  were  impassable.  Nicholas  de  Vignan 
affirmed  the  contrary  ;  but  from  the  first,  Vignan  had  been 
found  always  in  the  wrong.  His  aim  seems  to  have  been  to 
involve  his  leader  in  difficulties,  and  disgust  him  with  a  journey 
which  must  soon  result  in  exposing  the  imposture  which  had 
occasioned  it.  Champlain  took  the  counsel  of  the  Indians. 
The  party  left  the  river  and  entered  the  forest.  Escorted  by  his 
friendly  hosts,  he  advanced  beyond  the  head  of  Lake  Coulange, 
and,  landing,  saw  the  unaccustomed  sight  of  pathways  through 
the  forest.  They  led  to  the  clearings  and  cabins  of  a  chief 
named  Tessouat,  who,  amazed  at  the  apparition  of  the  white 
strangers,  exclaimed  that  he  must  be  in  a  dream. 

Tessouat  was  ic  give  a  tahagie^^  or  solemn  feast,  in  honor  of 
Champlain,  and  the  chiefs  and  elders  of  the  island  were  invited. 
Runners  were  sent  to  summon  the  guests  from  neighboring  ham- 
lets ;  and,  on  the  morrow,  Tessouat's  squaws  swept  his  cabin  for 
the  festivity.  Then  Champlain  and  his  Frenchmen  were  seated 
on  skins  in  the  place  of  honor,  and  the  naked  guests  appeared  in 
quick  succession,  each  with  his  wooden  dish  and  spoon,  and  each 
ejaculating  his  guttural  salute  as  he  stooped  at  the  low  door. 
The  spacious  cabin  was  full.  The  congregated  wisdom  and 
prowess  of  the  nation  sat  expectant  on  the  bare  earth. 

Each  long,  bare  arm  thrust  forth  its  dish  in  turn  as  the  host 
served  out  the  banquet,  in  which,  as  courtesy  enjoined,  he  him- 
self was  to  have  no  share.  First,  a  mess  of  pounded  maize 
wherein  were  boiled,  without  salt,  morsels  of  fish  and  dark  scraps 


•  Tabagie.  The  Indian  meaning 
of  the  name  is  a  smoking-room  or 
-house,  and  since  to  smoke  the 
"pipe  of  peace"   formed  an   im- 


portant part  of  every  Indian  gather- 
ing this  name  was  applied  to  the 
whole  feast. 


OILUirLAm  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


\u 


I 


of  meat  ;  then  fish  and  flesh  broiled  on  the  embers,  with  a 
kettle  of  cold  water  from  the  river.  Champhiin,  in  wise  distrust 
of  Ottawa  cookery,  confined  himself  to  the  simpler  and  less 
doubtful  viands.  A  few  minutes,  and  all  alike  had  vanished. 
The  kettles  were  empty.  Then  pipes  were  filled  and  touched 
with  fire  brought  in  by  the  duteous  squaws,  while  the  young 
men  who  had  stood  thronged  about  the  entrance,  now  modestly 
withdrew,  and  the  door  was  closed  for  counsel.'"  First,  the 
pipes  were  passed  to  Cbamplain.  Then  for  full  half  an  hour  i\\v 
assembly  smoked  in  silence.  At  length,  when  the  fitting  tinu 
was  come,  he  addressed  them  in  a  speech  in  which  he  declared, 
that,  moved  by  affection,  he  visited  their  country  to  see  its  ricli- 
ness  and  its  beauty,  and  to  aid  them  in  their  wars  ;  and  he  now 
begged  them  to  furnish  him  with  four  canoes  and  eight  men,  to 
convey  him  to  the  country  of  the  Nipissings,  a  tribe  dwelling 
northward  on  the  lake  which  bears  their  name. 

His  audience  looked  grave,  for  they  were  but  cold  and  jealous 
friends  of  the  Nipissings.  For  a  time  they  discoursed  in  mur- 
muring tones  among  themselves,  all  smoking  meanwhile  with 
redoubled  vigor.  Then  Tessouat,  chief  of  these  forest  republi- 
cans, rose  and  spoke  in  behalf  of  all. 

**  We  always  knew  you  for  our  best  friend  among  the  French- 
men. We  love  you  like  our  own  children.  But  why  did  you 
break  your  word  with  us  last  year  when  we  all  went  down  to 
meet  you  at  Montreal  to  give  you  presents  and  go  with  you  to 
war  ?  You  were  not  there,  but  other  Frenchmen  were  there 
who  abused  us.  We  will  never  go  again.  As  for  the  four 
canoes,  you  shall  have  them  if  you  insist  upon  n  .  but  it  grieves 
us  to  think  of  the  hardships  you  must  endure.     The  Nipissings 


'°  "  Champlain's  account  of  this 
feast  is  unusually  minute  and  graph- 
ic. In  every  particular — excepting 
the  pounded  maize— it  might,  as 
the  writer  can  attest,  be  taken  as  the 
description  of  a  similar  feast  among 


some  of  the  tribes  of  the  Far  West 
at  the  present  day,  as,  for  example, 
one  of  the  remoter  bands  of  the  Da 
cotah,  a  race  radically  distinct  from 
the  Algonquin." — Parkman. 


« 

A 


40 


CHAMPLATN  AXD  IHS  ASSOCIATES. 


have  weak  hearts.  They  are  good  for  nothing  in  war,  hut  they 
kill  us  with  cluirms,  and  tiiey  poison  us.  Therefore  we  are  on 
bad  terms  with  them.     They  will  kill  you  too." 

Such  was  the  pith  of  Tessouat/s  discourse,  and  at  each  clause 
the  conclave  responded  in  unison  with  an  approving  grunt. 

Champlain  urged  his  petition ;  sought  to  relieve  their  tender 
scruples  in  his  behalf ;  assured  them  that  he  was  charm-proof, 
and  that  ho  feared  no  hardships.  At  length  he  gained  his  point. 
The  canoes  and  the  men  were  promised,  and,  seeing  himself  as 
he  thought  on  the  highway  to  his  phantom  Northern  vSea,  he 
left  his  entertainers  to  their  pipes,  and  with  a  light  heart  issued 
from  the  close  and  smoky  den  to  beathe  the  fresh  air  of  the 
afternoon.  He  visited  the  Indian-fields,  with  their  young  crops 
of  pumpkins,  beans,  and  French  peas, — the  last  a  novelty  ob- 
tained from  the  traders.  Here,  Thomas,  the  interpreter,  soon 
joined  him  with  a  countenance  of  ill-news.  In  the  absence  of 
Champlain,  the  assembly  had  reconsidered  their  assent.  The 
canoes  were  denied. 

With  a  troubled  mind  he  hastened  again  to  the  hall  of  coun- 
cil, and  addressed  th(*  naked  senate  in  terms  better  suited  to  his 
exigencies  than  to  their  dignity. 

*'  I  thought  you  were  men  ;  I  thought  you  would  hold  fast 
to  your  word  ;  but  I  find  you  children,  without  truth.  You  call 
yourselves  my  friends,  yet  you  break  faith  with  me.  Still,  I 
would  not  incommode  you  ;  and  if  you  cannot  give  me  four 
canoes,  two  will  serve." 

The  burden  of  the  reply  was,  rapids,  rocks,  cataracts,  and 
the  wickedness  of  the  Nipissings. 

"  This  young  man,"  rejoined  Champlain,  pointing  to  Vignan, 
who  sat  by  his  side,  **  has  been  to  their  country,  and  did  not 
find  the  road  or  the  people  so  bad  as  you  have  said." 

^'Nicholas,"  demanded  Tessouat,  *'did  you  say  that  you  had 
been  to  the  Nipissings  ?" 

The  impostor  sat  mute  for  a  time,  then  replied  : 

"Yes,  I  have  been  there." 

Hereupon  an  outcry  broke  forth  from  the  assembly,  and 


CEAMriAiy  AXi)  firs  assoctatks. 


a; 


their  small,  deep-set  eyes  were  turned  on  him  askance,  "as  if," 
says  Champlain,  "  they  woiilil  have  torn  and  eaten  liim." 

"You  are  a  liar,"  returned  the  unceremonious  host;  "you 
know  very  well  that  you  slept  liere  am()n<^  my  children  every 
night  and  rose  again  every  morning  ;  and  if  you  ever  went  where 
you  pretend  to  have  gone,  it  must  have  heen  when  you  were 
asleep.  How  can  you  be  so  impudent  as  to  lie  to  your  chief,  and 
so  wicked  as  to  risk  his  life  among  so  many  dangers  ?  He  ought 
to  kill  you  with  tortures  worse  than  those  with  which  we  kill  our 
enemies." 

Champlain  urged  him  to  reply,  but  he  sat  motionless  and 
dumb.  Then  he  led  him  from  the  cabin  and  conjured  him  to 
declare  if,  in  truth,  he  had  seen  this  sea  of  the  North.  Vignan, 
with  oaths,  affirmed  that  all  he  had  said  was  true.  Returning 
to  the  council,  Champlain  repeated  his  story ;  how  he  liad  seen 
the  sea,  the  wreck  of  an  English  .^liip,  eighty  English  scalps, 
and  an  English  boy,  prisoner  among  the  Indians. 

At  this  an  outcry  rose,  louder  than  before. 

"You  are  a  liar."  "  Which  way  did  you  go  ?"  "By  what 
rivers  ?"     "  By  what  lakes  ?"     "  Who  went  with  you  ?" 

Vignan  had  made  a  map  of  his  travels,  which  Champlain 
now  produced,  desiring  him  to  exj^lain  it  to  his  questioners  ;  but 
his  assurance  had  failed  him,  and  he  could  not  utter  a  word. 

Champlain  was  greatly  agitated.  His  hopes  and  heart  were 
in  the  enterprise  ;  his  reputation  was  in  a  measure  at  stake ; 
and  now,  when  he  thought  his  triumph  so  near,  he  shrunk 
from  believing  himself  the  sport  of  an  impudent  impostor.  Tlie 
council  broke  up ;  the  Indians  displeased  and  moody,  and  he, 
on  his  part,  full  of  anxieties  and  doubts.  At  length,  one  of  the 
canoes  being  ready  for  departure,  the  time  of  decision  came,  and 
he  called  Vignan  before  him. 

"If  you  have  deceived  me,  confess  it  now,  and  the  past  shall 
be  forgiven.  But  if  you  persist,  you  will  soon  be  discovered,  and 
then  you  shall  be  hanged." 

Vignan  pondered  for  a  moment,  then  fell  on  his  knees,  owned 
his  treachery,  and  begged  for  mercy.     Champlain  broke  into  a 


48 


CUA3IPLAJN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


rage,  and,  unable,  as  he  says,  to  endure  the  sight  of  him,  ordered 
him  from  his  presence,  and  sent  the  interpreter  after  him  to 
make  further  examination.  Vanity,  the  love  of  notoriety,  and 
hope  of  reward  seem  to  have  been  his  inducements  ;  for  he  had, 
in  truth,  spent  a  quiet  winter  in  Tessouat's  cabin,  his  nearest 
approach  to  the  northern  sea ;  and  he  had  flattered  himself 
that  he  might  escape  the  necessity  of  guiding  his  commander  to 
this  pretended  discovery. 

The  Indians  were  somewhat  exultant.  "Why  did  you  not 
listen  to  chiefs  and  warriors,  instead  of  believing  the  lies  of  this 
fellow  ?"  And  they  counseled  Champlain  to  have  him  killed  at 
once,  adding  that  they  would  save  their  friends  trouble  by  taking 
that  office  upon  themselves. 

No  motive  remaining  for  farther  advance,  the  party  set  forth 
on  their  return,  attended  by  a  fleet  of  forty  canoes  bound  to 
Montreal ''  for  trade. 

At  the  Chaudiere,  an  abundant  contribution  of  tobacco  was 
collected  on  a  wooden  platter,  and,  after  a  solemn  harangue, 
was  thrown  to  the  guardian  Manitou.  On  the  seventeenth  of 
June  they  Jipproached  Montreal,  where  the  assembled  traders 
greeted  them  with  discharges  of  small-arms  and  cannon.  Here, 
among  the  rest,  was  Chaniplain^s  lieutenant,  Du  Pare,  with  his 
men,  who  had  amused  their  leisure  with  hunting,  and  were  revel- 
ing in  a  sylvan  abundance,  while  their  baffled  chief,  with  worry 
of  mind,  fatigue  of  body,  and  a  Lenten  diet  of  half- cooked  fish, 
was  grievously  fallen  away  in  flesh  and  strength.  He  kept  his 
word  with  De  Vignau,  left  the  scoundrel  unpunished,  bade  fare- 
well to  the  Indians,  and,  promising  to  rejoin  them  the  next  year, 
embarked  in  one  of  the  tracing-ships  for  France. 


"  Montreal.  The  name  is  used  here  for  distinctnesa. 
cated  by  Champlaia  as  le  Saut. 


The  locality  is  indi- 


te'* 


i 


Bay 


CHAMPLAIX  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


49 


CHAPTER  VII. 


1616—1616. 

DISCOVERY  OP  LAKE  HURON. -THE  GREAT  WAR  PARTY. 

Religious  Zeal  of  Cliamplaiu. — Recollet  Friars. — Cl;amplain  reaches  Lake 
Huron. — The  Huron  Towns. — Muster  of  Warriors. — Lake  Ontario. — 
The  Iroquois  Towns. — Attack. — Champlain  wounded. — Adventures  of 
Etienne  Brule. — Champlain  lost  in  the  Forest. — Made  Umpire  of 
Indian-Quarrels. 

In  New  France  spiritual  and  temporal  interests  were  insep- 
arably blended;  and,  as  will  hereafter  appear,  the  conversion  of 
the  Indians  became  vital  to  commercial  and  political  growth. 
But,  with  the  single-hearted  founder  of  the  colony,  considera- 
tions of  material  advantage,  though  clearly  recognized,  were  no 
less  clearly  subordinate.  He  would  fain  rescue  from  perdition  a 
people  living,  as  he  says,  *Mike  brute  beasts,  without  faith,  with- 
out law,  without  religion,  without  God." 

While  the  want  of  funds  and  the  indifference  of  his  merchant 
associates,  who  as  yet  did  not  fully  see  that  their  trade  would 
find  in  the  missions  its  surest  ally,  were  threatening  to  wreck 
his  benevolent  schemes,  he  found  a  kindred  spirit  in  his  friend 
Houel,  Secretary  to  the  King  and  comptroller-general  of  the 
salt-works  of  Brouage.  Near  this  town  was  a  convent  of  Recol- 
let friars,  some  of  whom  were  well  known  to  Houel.  To  them 
he  addressed  himself;  and  several  of  the  brotherhood,  "in- 
flamed," we  are  told,  "  with  charity,"  were  eager  to  undertake 
the  mission. 

But  the  Recollets,'  mendicants  by  profession,  were  as  weak  in 
resources  as  Champlain  himself.  The  Pope  authorized  the 
mission,  and  the  King  gave  letters-patent  in  its  favor.  Four  friars 
were  named  for  the  mission  of  New  France.  "  They  packed  their 
church  ornaments,"  says  Champlain,  "and  we,  our  luggage." 

'  Recollet.    The  order  originated 
in  Spain  and  was  invited  into  France 


in  1592.     The   members  are  noted 
for  their  zeal. 


1 


50 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


All   alike  confessed   their  sins,  and,  embarking  at   Honfleur, 
reached  Quebec  at  the  end  of  May,  1015. 

The  assembled  Indians  were  more  eager  for  temporal  than 
for  spiritual  succor,  and  beset  Champlain  with  importunate 
clamors  for  aid  against  the  Iroquois.  He  and  Pontgrave  were 
of  one  mind.  The  aid  demanded  must  be  given,  and  that  from 
no  motive  of  the  hour,  but  in  pursuance  of  a  deliberate  policy. 
It  was  evident  that  the  innumerable  tribes  of  New  France, 
otherwise  divided,  were  united  in  a  common  fear  and  hate  of 
these  formidable  bands,  who,  in  the  strength  of  their  fivefold 
league,  spread  havoc  and  desolation  through  all  the  surrounding 

wilds. 

It  was  the  aim  of  Champlain,  as  of  his  successors,  to  per- 
suade the  threatened  and  endangered  hordes  to  live  at  peace 
with  each  other,  and  to  form,  against  the  common  foe,  a  virtual 
league,  of  which  the  French  colony  would  be  the  heart  and  the 
head,  and  which  would  continually  widen  with  the  widening  area 
of  discovery.  With  French  soldiers  to  fight  their  battles,  French 
priests  to  baptize  them,  and  French  traders  to  supply  their  in- 
creasing wants,  their  dependence  would  be  complete.  They 
would  become  assured  tributaries  to  the  gi'owth  of  New  France. 

It  was  a  triple  alliance  of  soldier,  priest,  and  trader.  The 
soldier  might  be  a  roving  knight,  the  priest  a  martyr  and  a  saint ; 
but  both  alike  were  subserving  the  interests  of  that  commerce 
which  formed  the  only  solid  basis  of  the  colony.  The  scheme  of 
English  colonization  made  no  account  of  the  Indian  tribes.  In 
the  scheme  of  French  colonization  they  were  all  in  all. 

In  one  point  the  plan  was  fatally  defective,  since  it  involved 
the  deadly  enmity  of  a  race  whose  character  and  whose  power 
were  as  yet  but  ill-understood, — the  fiercest,  the  boldest,  the 
most  politic,  and  the  most  ambitions  savap^es  to  whom  the  Amer- 
ican forest  has  ever  given  birth  and  nurture. 

The  chiefs  and  warriors  met  in  council, — Alcfonquins  of  the 
Ottawa,  Hurons  from  the  borders  of  the  great  Fresh  Water  Sea. 
Champlain  promised  to  join  them  with  all  the  men  at  his  com- 
mand, while  they,  on  their  part,  were  to  muster  without  delay 


CHAIifPLAIX  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


51 


twenty-fiye  hundred  warriors  for  an  inroad  into  the  country  of 
the  Iroquois.  He  descended  at  once  to  Quebec  for  needful  prep- 
aration ;  but  when,  after  a  short  delay,  he  returned  to  Montreal, 
he  found,  to  his  chagrin,  a  solitude.  The  wild  concourse  had 
vanished  ;  nothing  remained  but  the  skeleton  polos  of  their  huts, 
the  smoke  of  their  fires,  and  the  refuse  of  their  encampments. 
Impatient  at  his  delay,  they  had  set  forth  for  their  villages,  and 
with  them  had  gone  Father  Joseph  le  Caron. 

While  the  devoted  missionary  toiled  painfully  towards  the 
scene  of  his  apostleship,  the  no  less  aident  soldier  was  following 
on  his  track.  Cham  plain,  with  two  canoes,  ten  Indians,  Etienne 
Brule  his  interpreter,  and  another  Frenchman,  pushed  up  the 
riotous  stream  till  he  reached  the  Algonquin  villages  which  had 
formed  the  term  of  his  forme'r  journeying.  He  passed  the  two 
lakes  of  the  Allumettes;  and  now,  for  twenty  miles,  the  Ottawa 
stretched  before  him,  straight  as  the  bee  can  fly,  deep,  narrow, 
and  black,  between  its  mountain-shores. 

He  passed  the  rapids  of  the  Joachims  and  the  Caribou,  and 
reached  at  length  the  tributary  waters  of  the  Mattawan.  He 
turned  to  the  left,  ascended  this  little  stream  forty  miles  or 
more,  and,  crossing  a  portage- track,  well  trodden,  stood  on  the 
margin  of  Lake  Nipissiug.  The  canoes  were  launched  ngain. 
All  day  they  glided  by  leafy  shores  and  verdant  islands,  floating 
on  the  depth  of  blue.  And  now  appeared  unwonted  signs  of 
human  life,  clusters  of  bark  lodges,  half  hidden  in  the  vastness 
of  the  woods.  It  was  the  village  of  an  Algonquin  band,  called 
by  courtesy  a  nation,  the  Nipissings,  a  race  so  beset  with  spirits, 
so  infested  by  demons,  and  abounding  in  magicians,  that  the 
Jesuits,  in  after-years,  stigmatized  them  all  as  "the  Sorcerers." 
Their  demeanor  was  friendly;  and  from  them  the  voyager  learned 
that  the  great  lake  of  the  Hurons  was  close  at  hand. 

Now,  far  along  the  western  sky  was  traced  the  watery  line  of 
that  inland  ocean,  and,  first  of  white  men  save  the  humble  friar, 
Cham  plain  beheld  the  "  Mer  Douce,"  the  Fresh  Water  Sea  of  the 
Hurons. 

An  Indian-trail  led  inland,  now  through  woods  and  tlii  kets. 


R«: 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


now  across  broad  meadows,  over  brooks,  and  along  the  skirts  of 
green  acclivities.  To  the  eye  of  Champlain,  accustomed  to  the 
desolation  he  had  left  behind,  it  seemed  a  land  of  beauty  and 
abundance. 

In  Champlain  the  Hurons  beheld  the  champion  who  was  to 
lead  them  to  assured  victory.  In  the  great  lodge  at  Otouacha 
there  was  bountiful  feasting  in  his  honor,  and  consumption 
without  stint  of  corn,  pumpkins,  and  fish.  Next  he  went  to 
Carmaron,  a  league  distant,  and  at  length  he  reached  Curha- 
gouha,  with  its  triple  palisade  thirty-five  feet  high,  and  its  dark 
throngs  of  mustering  warriors.  Here  he  found  Le  Caron.  The 
Indians,  eager  to  do  him  honor,  had  built  for  him  a  bark  lodge 
in  the  neighboring  forest,  fashioned  like  their  own,  but  much 
smaller.  It  was  a  joyful  hour  when  he  saw  Champlain  approach 
his  hermitage;  and  the  two  men  embraced  like  brothers  long 
sundered. 

Weary  of  the  inanity  of  the  Indian  town, — idleness  without 
repose,  for  they  would  never  leave  him  alone,—  and  of  the  con- 
tinuous feasting  with  which  they  nearly  stifled  him,  Champlain, 
with  some  of  his  Frenchmen,  set  forth  on  a  tour  of  observation. 
Journeying  at  their  ease  by  the  Indian-trails,  they  visited,  in 
three  days,  five  palisaded  villages.  The  country  delighted  them: 
its  meadows,  its  deep  woods,  its  pine  and  cedar  thickets,  full  of 
hares  and  partridges,  its  wild  grapes  and  plums,  cherries,  crab- 
apples,  nuts,  and  raspberries.  It  was  the  seventeenth  of  August 
when  they  reached  the  Huron  metropolis,  Cahiague,  in  the 
modern  township  of  Orillia,  three  leagues  west  of  the  River 
Severn,  by  which  Lake  Simcoe  pours  its  waters  into  the  bay 
of  Matchedash.  Here  was  the  chief  rendezvous,  and  the  town 
swarmed  with  gathering  warriors.  There  was  cheering  news; 
for  an  allied  nation,  probably  the  Eries,  had  promised  to  join 
the  Hurons  in  the  enemy's  country,  with  five  hundred  men. 
Feasts  and  the  war-daL^  3  consumed  the  days  till  at  length  the 
tardy  bands  had  all  arrived ;  and,  shouldering  their  canoes  and 
scanty  baggage,  the  naked  host  set  forth. 

It  was  the  eighth  of  September,  and  Champlain,  shivering  in 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


53 


liis  blanket,  awoke  to  see  the  bordering  meadows  sparkling  with 
an  early  frost  soon  to  vanish  under  the  bright  autumnal  sun. 
The  Huron  fleet  pursued  its  course  along  the  bosom  of  Lake 
Simcoe,  and  down  the  chain  of  lakes  which  form  the  souj-ces  of 
the  River  Trent. 

The  canoes  now  issued  from  the  mouth  of  the  Trent.  Like 
a  flock  of  venturous  wild-fowl,  they  put  boldly  forth  upon  the 
broad  breast  of  Lake  Ontario,  crossed  it  in  safety,  and  landed 
within  the  borders  of  New  York,  on  or  near  the  point  of  land 
west  of  Hungry  Bay.  After  hiding  their  light  craft  in  the 
woods,  the  warriors  took  up  their  swift  and  wary  march,  filing 
in  silence  between  the  woods  and  the  lake  for  ten  or  twelve 
miles  along  the  strand.  Then  they  struck  inland,  threaded  the 
forest,  crossed  the  outlet  of  Lake  Oneida,  and  after  a  march  of 
lour  days  were  deep  within  the  limits  of  the  L'oquois. 

Light  broke  in  upon  the  forest.  The  hostile  town  was  close 
at  hand.  Rugged  fields  lay  before  them,  with  a  slovenly  and 
savage  cultivation.  The  young  Hurons  in  advance  saw  the 
Iroquois  at  work  among  the  pumpkins  and  maize,  gathering 
their  rustling  harvest,  for  it  was  the  tenth  of  October.  Nothing 
could  restrain  the  hare-brained  and  ungoverned  crew.  They 
screamed  their  war-cry  and  rushed  in;  but  the  Iroquois  snatched 
their  weapons,  killed  and  wounded  five  or  six  of  the  assailants, 
and  drove  back  the  rest  discomfited.  Champlain  and  his  French- 
men were  forced  to  interpose;  and  the  crack  of  their  pieces  from 
the  border  of  the  woods  stopped  the  pursuing  enemy,  vvlio  with- 
drew to  their  defenses,  bearing  with  them  their  dead  and  wounaed. 

The  attack  lasted  three  hours,  when  the  assailants  fell  back 
to  their  fortified  camp  with  seventeen  warriors  wounded.  Cham- 
plain,  too,  had  received  an  arrow  in  his  knee  and  another  in 
his  leg,  which,  for  the  time,  disabled  him.  He  was  urgent,  how- 
ever, to  renew  the  attack;  while  the  Hurons,  crestfallen  and 
disheartened,  refused  to  move  from  their  camp  unless  the  five 
hundred  allies,  for  some  time  expected,  should  appear.  They 
waited  five  days  in  vain,  beguilin  ^  the  interval  with  frequent 
pkirmislies,  in  which  they   were  always  worsted,   then  began 


54 


CHAMPLAm  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


hastily  to  retreat  in  confused  files  along  the  somber  forest-path- 
ways, while  the  Iroquois,  sallying  from  their  stronghold,  showered 
arrows  on  their  flanks  and  rear. 

At  length  the  dismal  march  was  ended.  They  reached  the 
spot  where  their  canoes  were  hidden,  found  them  untouched, 
embarked,  and  recrossed  to  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 
The  Hurons  had  promised  (Jhamplain  an  escort  to  Quebec;  but 
as  the  chiefs  had  little  power  in  peace  or  war  beyond  that  of 
persuasion,  each  warrior  found  good  reasons  for  refusing  to  go  or 
lend  his  canoe.  Ohamplain,  too,  had  lost  prestige.  The  *^man 
with  the  i""^n  breast"  had  proved  not  inseparably  wedded  to 
victory;  and  though  the  fault  was  their  own,  yet  not  the  less 
was  the  luster  of  their  hero  tarnisued.  There  was  no  alternative. 
He  must  winter  with  the  Hurons.  The  great  war-party  broke 
into  fragments,  each  band  betaking  itself  to  its  hunting-ground. 

As  we  turn  the  ancient,  worm-eaten  page  which  preserves  the 
simple  record  of  his  fortunes,  a  wild  and  dreary  scene  rises  before 
the  mind — a  chill  November  air,  a  murky  sky,  a  cold  lake,  bare 
and  shivering  forests,  the  earth  strewn  with  crisp,  brown  leaves, 
and,  by  the  water-side,  the  bark  sheds  and  smoking  camp-fires 
of  a  band  of  Indian  hunters.  Champlain  was  of  the  party. 
There  was  ample  argument  for  his  gun,  for  the  morning  was 
vocal  with  the  clamor  of  wild-fowl,  and  his  evening  meal  was 
enlivened  by  the  rueful  music  of  the  wolves.  It  was  a  lake 
north  or  northwest  of  the  site  of  Kingston. 

On  the  borders  of  a  neighboring  river  twenty-five  of  the 
Indians  had  been  busied  ten  days  in  preparing  for  their  annual 
d  er-hunt.  They  planted  posts  interlaced  with  boughs  in  two 
sti-night  converging  lines,  each  extending  more  than  half  a  mile 
through  forests  and  swamps.  At  the  angle  where  they  met  was 
made  a  strong  inclosure  like  a  pound.  At  dawn  of  day  the 
hunters  spread  themselves  through  the  woods,  and  advanced 
with  shouts  and  clattering  of  sticks,  driving  the  deer  before 
them  into  the  inclosure,  where  others  lay  in  wait  to  dispatch 
them  with  arrows  and  spears. 

They  were  thirty-eight  days  encamped  ol  this  nameless  river. 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


65 


and  killed,  in  that  time,  a  hundred  and  twenty  deer.  Hard 
frosts  were  needful  to  give  them  passage  over  the  land  of  lakes 
and  marshes  that  lay  between  them  and  the  Huron  towns. 
Therefore  they  lay  waiting  till  the  fourth  of  December,  when 
the  frost  came,  bridged  the  lakes  and  streams,  and  made  the 
oozy  marsh  as  firm  as  granite.  Snow  followed,  powdering  tlie 
broad  wastes  with  dreary  white.  Then  they  broke  up  their 
camp,  packed  their  game  on  sledges  or  on  their  shoulders,  tied 
on  their  snow-shoes,  and  set  forth.  Champlain  could  scarcely 
endure  his  load,  though  some  of  the  Indians  carried  a  weight 
fivefold  greater. 

For  Champlain  there  was  no  rest.  A  double  motive  urged 
him, — discovery,  and  the  strengthening  of  his  colony  by  widen- 
ing its  circle  of  trade.  Champlain  exchanged  with  his  hosts 
pledges  of  perpetual  amity,  and  urged  them  to  come  down  witn 
the  Hurons  to  the  yearly  trade  at  Montreal ;  while  the  friar,  in 
broken  Indian,  expounded  the  Faith. 

Spring  was  now  advancing,  and  Champlain,  anxious  for  his 
colony,  turned  homeward,  following  that  long  circuit  of  Lake 
Huron  and  the  Ottawa  which  Iroquois  hostility  made  the  only 
practicable  route. 

The  Indians  had  reported  that  Champlain  was  dead,  and  he 
was  welcomed  ?«  one  risen  from  the  grave.  To  the  two  travelers, 
fresh  from  the  hardships  of  the  wilderness,  the  hospitable  board 
of  Quebec,  the  kindly  society  of  countrymen  and  friends,  the  ad- 
jacent gardens, — always  to  Champlain  an  object  of  especial  in- 
terest,— seemed  like  the  comforts  and  repose  of  home. 

The  chief  Durantal  found  entertainment  worthy  of  his  high 
estate.  The  fort,  the  ship,  the  armor,  the  plumes,  the  cannon, 
the  marvelous  architecture  of  the  houses  and  barracks,  the 
splendors  of  the  chapel,  and,  above  all,  the  good  cheer  outran  the 
boldest  excursion  of  his  fancy;  and  he  paddled  back  at  last  to 
his  lodge  in  the  woods,  bewildered  with  admiring  astonishment. 


56 


CHAMPLAIX  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


1616—1629. 


HOSTILE    SECTS.— RIVAL     INTERESTS.— THE    ENGLISH    AT 

QUEBEC. 

Quebec. — Madame  de  Cbamplain. — Disorders  and  Dangers  of  the  Colony. — 
Richelieu, — The  English  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  —Bold  Attitude  of  Cham- 
plain. — The  French  Squadron  destroyed. — Famine. — Quebec  surren- 
dered— Champlain  at  London. 

And  now  a  cliange  began  in  the  life  of  Champlain.  His 
forest  rovings  were  over.  The  fire  that  had  flashed  the  keen 
flame  of  daring  adventure  must  now  be  subdued  to  the  duller 
uses  of  practical  labor.  To  battle  with  savages  and  the  elements 
was  doubtless  more  congenial  with  his  nature  than  to  nurse  a 
puny  dolony  into  growth  and  strength  ;  yet  to  each  task  he  gave 
himself  with  the  same  strong  devotion. 

At  Quebec  the  signs  of  growth  were  faint  and  few.  By  the 
water-side,  beneath  the  cliff,  still  stood  the  so-called  "  habitation," 
built  in  haste  eight  years  before  ;  near  it  were  the  warehouses 
of  the  traders,  the  tenement  of  the  friars,  and  their  rude  little 
chapel. 

Champlain,  in  his  singularly  trying  position,  displayed  a 
mingled  zeal  and  fortitude.  He  went  every  year  to  France, 
laboring  for  the  interests  of  the  colony.  To  throw  open  the 
trade  to  all  competitors  was  a  measure  beyond  the  wisdom  of  the 
times  ;  and  he  aimed  only  so  to  bind  and  regulate  the  monopoly 
as  to  make  it  subserve  the  generous  purpose  to  which  he  had 
given  himself. 

Cbamplain  had  succeeded  in  binding  the  company  of  mer- 
chants with  new  and  more  stringent  engagements;  and  in  the 
vain  belief  that  these  might  not  be  wholly  broken,  he  began  to 
conceive  fresh  hopes  for  the  colony.  In  this  faith  he  embarked 
with  his  wife  for  Quebec  in  the  spring  of  1630;  and,  as  the  boat 


CIIAMPLAIN  AND  UTS  ASSOCIATES. 


57 


drew  near  the  Linding,  the  cannon  welcomed  her  to  the  rock  of 
hor  banishment.  The  buildings  were  falling  to  ruin  ;  rain  en- 
tered on  all  sides ;  the  court-yard,  says  Champlain,  was  as  squalid 
and  dilapidated  as  a  grange  pillaged  by  soldiers.  Madame  de 
Champlain  was  still  very  young.  If  the  Ursuline  tradition  is  to 
be  tiustod,  the  Indians,  amazed  at  her  beauty  and  touched  by 
her  gentleness,  would  have  worshiped  her  as  a  divinity. 

At  Quebec,  matters  grew  from  bad  to  worse.  The  few  emi- 
grants, with  no  inducement  to  labor,  fell  into  a  lazy  apathy,  loung- 
ing about  the  trading-houses,  gaming,  drinking  when  drink 
could  be  had,  or  roving  into  the  woods  on  vagabond  hunting- 
excursions. 

Twenty  years  had  passed  since  the  founding  of  Quebec,  and 
still  the  colony  could  scarcely  be  said  to  exist  but  in  the  founder's 
brain.  Those  who  sliould  have  been  its  support  were  engrossed 
by  trade  or  propagandism.  Champlain  might  look  back  on 
fruitless  toils,  hopes  hopelessly  deferred,  a  life  spent  seemingly 
in  vain.  The  population  of  Quebec  had  risen  to  about  a  hun- 
dred and  five  'persons,  men,  women,  and  children.  Of  these, 
one  or  two  families  had  now  learned  to  support  themselves  from 
the  products  of  the  soil.  The  rest  lived  on  supplies  from 
France. 

While  infant  Canada  was  thus  struggling  into  a  half-stifled 
being,  the  foundation  of  a  commonwealth,  destined  to  a  marvel- 
ous vigor  of  development,  had  been  laid  on  the  Rock  of 
Plymouth.  In  their  character,  as  in  their  destiny,  the  rivals 
were  widely  different;  yet,  at  the  outset,  New  England  was  un- 
faithful to  the  principle  of  her  existence.  Seldom  has  religious 
tyranny  assumed  a  form  more  oppressive  than  among  the  Puri- 
tan exiles.  New  England  Protestantism  appealed  to  liberty  ; 
then  closed  the  door  against  her.  On  a  stock  of  freedom  she 
grafted  a  scion  of  despotism  ;  yet  the  vital  juices  of  the  root 
penetrated  at  last  to  the  uttermost  branches,  and  nourished 
them  to  an  irrepressible  strength  and  expansion.  With  New 
France  it  was  otherwise.  She  was  consistent  to  the  last.  Root, 
stem,  and  branch,   she  was  the  nursling  of  authority. 


58 


CHAMPhAlX  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


The  great  champion  of  Absolutism,  Richelieu,'  was  now 
supreme  in  France.  In  this  new  capacity,  the  mismanaged 
affairs  of  New  France  were  not  long  concealed  from  him;  and 
he  applied  a  prompt  and  powerful  remedy.  The  privileges  of 
the  Caens  were  annulled.  A  company  was  formed,  to  consist  of 
a  hundred  associates,  and  to  be  called  the  Company  of  New 
France.  Richelieu  himself  was  the  head,  and  many  merchnnt;; 
and  burghers  of  condition  were  members.  The  whole  ol'  Xcu 
France,  from  Florida  to  the  Arctic  Circle,  and  from  Newfound- 
land to  the  sources  of  tlie  St,  Lawrence  and  its  tribntai-y  waters, 
was  conferred  on  them  forever,  with  the  attributes  of  sovereign 
power. 

A  perpetual  monopoly  of  the  fur-trade  was  granted  tliem, 
with  a  monopoly  of  all  other  commerce  within  the  limits  of  their 
government  for  (ifteen  years.  The  first  care  of  the  new  company 
was  to  succor  Quebec,  whose  inmates  were  on  the  verge  of  starva- 
tion. Four  armed  vessels,  with  a  fleet  of  transports  commanded 
by  Roquemont,  one  of  the  associates,  sailed  from  Dieppe  with 
colonists  and  supplies  in  April,  1628 ;  but,  nearly  at  the  same 
time,  another  squadron,  destined  also  for  Quebec,  was  sailing 
from  an  English  port. 

The  attempts  of  Sir  William  Alexander'  to  colonize  Acadia 
had  of  late  turned  attention  in  England  towards  the  New  World  ; 
and.  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  wir,  an  enterprise  was  set  on 
foot,  under  the  aus|»ices  of  that  singular  personage,  to  seize  on 
the  French  possessions  in  North  America.  At  its  head  was  a 
subject  of  France,  David  Kirk,^  a  Calvinist  of  Dieppe.     Mean- 


'  Richelieu— I  lie  minister  (1G24- 
1642 1  of  toreii^n  ull'nirs  for  Louis 
XIII.  One  of  the  greatest  minds  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  He  was 
almost  tlie  jil)sohite  monarch  of 
France,  and  wielded  an  influence  .so 
powerful  tlial  in  contests  with  other 
governments  he  was  victorious.  In 
the  discovery  and  punishment  of 
treason  in  the  court  of  France  he  ex- 


cited the  wonder  of  all  the  people. 

'  Sir  Wm.  Alexander,  a  courtier  at 
the  court  of  King  James,  was 
granted,  in  1(!*21.  a  pice  e  of  territory 
including  the  w  hole  of  Nova  Scotia 
and  New  Brunswick,  and  was  en- 
dowed witli  enormous  p>\vers  for 
the  government  of  his  territory. 

•■'  David  Kirk,  was  born  at  Dieppe. 
Commi.ssioued  an   admiral  by  the 


CHAMPLATX  AND  JUS  ASSOCIATES. 


59 


while  the  famished  tenants  of  Quebec  were  eagerly  waiting  the 
expected  succor.  Daily  they  gazed  beyond  Point  Levi  and  along 
the  channels  of  Orleans,  in  the  vain  hope  of  seeing  the  approach- 
ing sails.  At  length,  on  the  ninth  of  July,  two  men  brought 
news,  that,  according  to  the  report  of  Indians,  six  large  vessels 
lay  in  the  harbor  of  Tadoussac.  The  friar  Le  Caron  was  at 
Quebec,  and,  with  a  brother  Recollet,  he  set  forth  in  a  canoe  to 
irain  further  intelligence.  As  the  two  missicmary  scouts  were 
paddling  along  the  borders  of  the  Island  of  Orleans,  they  met 
two  canoes  advancing  in  hot  haste,  manned  by  Indians,  who  with 
shouts  and  gestures  warned  them  to  turn  back. 

The  friars,  however,  waited  till  the  canoes  came  up,  when 
they  beheld  a  man  lyinof  disabled  at  the  bottom  of  one  of  them, 
his  mustaches  burned  by  the  flash  of  the  musket  which  had 
wounded  him.  He  proved  to  be  Foucher,  who  commanded  at 
Ca])e  Tourmente.  On  that  morning — such  was  the  story  of  the 
fugitives — twenty  men  had  landed  at  that  post  from  a  small 
fishing- vessel.  Being  to  all  appearance  French,  they  were  hos- 
pitably received  ;  bnt  no  sooner  had  they  entered  the  houses  than 
they  began  to  pillage  and  burn  all  before  them,  killing  tlie  cattle, 
wounding  the  commandant,  and  making  several  prisoners. 

The  character  of  \}\q  fleet  at  Tadoussuc  was  now  sufficiently 
cle  r.  Quebec  was  iticapable  of  defense.  Only  tifty  pounds  of 
gunpowder  were  left  in  the  magazine ;  and  the  fort  was  so 
wretchedly  constructed,  that,  a  few  days  before,  two  towers  of 
the  main  building  had  fallen.  Champlain,  however,  assigned  to 
each  man  his  post,  and  waited  the  result.  On  the  next  after- 
noon, a  boat  was  seen  issuing  from  behind  the  Point  of  Orleans 
and  hovering  hesitatingly  about  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Charles. 

On  being  challenged,  the  men  on  board  proved  to  be  Basque 
fishermen,  lately  captured  by  the  English,  and  now  sent  by  Kirk 
unwilling  messengers  to  Champlain.  Climbing  the  steep  path- 
way to  the  fort,  they  delivered  their  letter, — a  summons,  couched 


King  of  England,  he  equipped  sev- 
eral vessels  at  a  great  expense.  His 
adventures  and  exploits  in  tlie  cap- 


lure  of  French  vessels,  and  the  prov- 
inces along  the  St.  Lawrence  River, 
made  him  famous  in  his  time. 


CO 


VJIAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


ill  torniR  of  great  courtesy,  to  surrender  Quebec.  There  was  no 
liope  but  in  courage.  A  bold  front  must  supply  the  lack  of  bat- 
teries and  ramparts;  and  Cliamplain  dismissed  the  Basques  with 
a  reply,  in  which,  with  equal  courtesy,  he  expressed  his  determi- 
nation to  hold  his  position  to  the  last. 

All  now  stood  on  the  watcli,  hourly  expecting  the  enemy ; 
when,  instead  of  the  hostile  squadron,  a  small  boat  crept  into 
sight,  and  one  Desdames,  with  ten  Frenchmen,  landed  at  the 
storehouses.  He  brought  stirring  news.  The  French  com- 
mander, Roqiiemont,  had  despatched  him  to  tell  Champlain 
that  the  ships  of  the  Hundred  Associates  were  ascending  the  8t. 
Lawrence,  with  reinforcements  and  supplies  of  all  kinds.  But, 
on  his  way,  Desdames  had  seen  an  ominous  sigiit, — the  English 
squadron  standing  under  full  sail  out  of  Tadoussac,  and  steering 
downwards  as  if  to  intercept  the  advancing  succor.  He  had  only 
escaped  them  by  dragging  his  boat  up  the  beach,  and  hiding  it ; 
and  scarcely  were  they  out  of  sight  when  the  booming  of  cannon 
told  him  that  the  fight  was  begun. 

Hacked  with  suspense,  the  starving  tenants  of  Quebec  waited 
the  result ;  but  they  waited  in  vain.  No  white  sail  moved  athwart 
the  green  solitudes  of  Orleans.  Neither  friend  nor  foe  appeared  ; 
and  it  was  not  till  long  afterward  that  Indians  brought  them  the 
tidings  that  Roquemont's  crowded  transports  had  been  over- 
powered, and  all  the  supplies  destined  to  relieve  their  miseries 
sunk  in  the  St.  Lawrence  or  seized  by  the  victorious  English. 
Kirk,  however,  deceived  by  the  bold  attitude  of  Champlain,  had 
been  too  discreet  to  attack  Quebec,  and  after  his  victory  employed 
himself  in  cruising  for  French  fishing-vessels  along  the  bor  ^ 
of  the  Gulf.     Meanwhile,  the  suffering  at  Quebec  increased  d      v . 

On  the  morning  of  the  nineteenth  of  July,  an  Lidian,  renownotl 
as  a  fisher  of  eels,  who  had  built  his  hut  on  the  St.  Charles,  hard 
by  the  new  dwelling  of  the  Jesuits,  came,  with  his  usual  imper- 
turbability of  visage,  to  Champlain.  He  had  just  discovered 
three  ships  sailing  up  the  south  channel  of  Orleans.  Champlain 
was  alone.  All  his  followers  were  absent,  fishing  or  searching  for 
roots.     At  about  ten  o^clock  his  servant  appeared  with  four  small 


Ml 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


61 


bags  of  roots,  and  the  tidings  that  he  had  seen  the  three  ships  a 
league  off,  behind  Point  Levi. 

As  man  after  man  hastened  in,  Champlain  ordered  the  starved 
and  ragged  band,  sixteen  in  all,  to  their  posts,  whence,  with 
hungry  eyes,  they  watched  the  English  vessels  anchoring  in  the 
basin  below,  and  a  boat,  with  a  white  flag,  moving  towards  the 
shore.  A  young  officer  landed  with  a  summons  to  surrender. 
The  terms  of  capitulation  were  at  length  settled.  The  Freneli 
were  to  be  conveyed  to  their  own  country ;  and  each  soldier  was 
allowed  to  take  with  him  furs  to  the  value  of  twenty  crowns. 
On  this  some  murmuring  rose,  several  of  those  who  had  gone  to 
the  Hurons  having  lately  returned  with  peltry  of  no  small  value. 

Their  complaints  were  vain ;  and  on  the  twentieth  of  July, 
amid  the  roar  of  cannon  from  the  ships,  Louis  Kirk,  the  AdniiraFs 
brother,  landed  at  the  head  of  his  soldiers,  and  planted  the  cross 
of  St.  George  where  the  followers  of  Wolfe  *  again  planted  it  a 
hundred  and  thirty  years  later.  Champlain,  bereft  of  his  com- 
mand, grew  restless,  and  begged  to  be  sent  to  Tadoussac,  where 
the  Admiral,  David  Kirk,  lay  with  his  main  squadron,  having 
sent  his  brothers  Louis  and  Thomas  to  seize  Quebec.  Accord- 
ingly, Champlain,  with  the  Jesuits,  embarking  with  Thomas 
Kirk,  descended  the  river.  Kirk  with  his  prisoners  crossed 
the  Atlantic.  His  squadron  at  length  reached  Plymouth,  whence 
Champlain  set  forth  for  London.  Here  he  had  an  interview  witli 
the  French  ambassador,  who,  at  his  instance,  gained  from  the 
King  a  promise,  that,  in  pursuance  of  the  terms  of  the  treaty 
concluded  in  the  previous  April,  Isew  France  should  be  restored 
to  the  French  crown. 


*  Wolfe— On  September  13,  1759, 
was  fought  the  famous  battle  on  the 
PI  ns  of  Abraham,  before  the  city 
of  Quebec,  in  which  the  English, 


under  General  Wolfe,  gained  the 
victory  and  took  the  city  of  Quebec, 
thus  establishing  their  power  over 
Canada. 


■■Hi 


62 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

1632—1636. 

DEATH  OF  CHAMPLAIN. 

New  France  Restored  to  the  French  Crown. — Zeal  of  Champlain. — Tha 
English  leave  Quebec. —Arrival  of  Champlain. —Daily  Life  at  Quebec. 
— Death  of  Champlain. 

On  Monday,  the  fifth  of  July,  1632,  Emery  de  Caen  anchored 
before  Quebec.  He  was  commissioned  by  the  French  crown  to 
reclaim  the  place  from  the  English ;  to  hold,  for  one  year,  a 
monopoly  of  the  fur-trade,  as  an  indemnity  for  his  losses  in  the 
war ;  and.  this  time  expired,  to  give  place  to  the  Hundred  Asso- 
ciates of  New  France. 

Bv  the  convention  of  Suza,  New  France  was  to  be  restored  to 
the  French  crown ;  yet  it  had  been  matter  of  debate  whether  a 
fulfillment  of  this  engagement  was  worth  the  demanding.  That 
wilderness  of  woods  and  savages  had  been  ruinous  to  nearly  all 
connected  with  it.  The  Caens  had  suffered  heavily.  The  Asso- 
ciates were  on  the  verge  of  bankruptcy.  These  deserts  were 
useless  unless  peopled ;  and  to  people  them  would  depopulate 
France. 

Thus  argued  tho  inexperienced  reasoners  of  the  time,  judging 
from  the  wretched  precedents  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese  coloni- 
zation. The  world  had  not  as  yet  the  example  of  an  island  king- 
dom, which,  vitalized  by  a  stable  and  regulated  liberty,  has  peo- 
pled a  continent  and  spread  colonies  over  all  the  earth,  gaining 
constantly  new  vigor  with  the  matchless  growth  of  its  offspring. 

On  the  other  hand,  honor,  it  was  urged,  demanded  that 
France  should  be  reinstated  in  the  land  which  she  had  dis- 
covered and  explored. 

A  spirit  far  purer,  far  more  generous,  was  active  in  the  same 
behalf.  The  character  of  Champlain  belonged  rather  to  the 
Middle  Age  than  to  the  seventeenth  century.  Long  toil  and 
endurance  had  calmed  the  adventurous  enthusiasm  of  his  vouth 


«»• 


V 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOViATES. 


0:5 


a 


V 


i 


into  a  steadfast  earnestness  of  purpose ;  and  he  gave  himself  with 
a  loyal  zeal  and  devotedness  to  the  profoundly  mistaken  principles 
which  he  had  espoused.  In  his  mind,  patriotism  and  religion 
were  inseparably  linked. 

France  was  the  champion  of  Christianity,  and  her  honor,  her 
greatness,  were  involved  in  her  fidelity  to  this  high  function. 
Should  she  abandon  to  perdition  the  darkened  nations  among 
whom  she  had  cast  the  first  faint  rays  of  hope  ?  Among  the 
members  of  the  Company  were  those  who  shared  his  zeal ;  and 
though  its  capital  was  exhausted,  and  many  of  the  merchants 
were  withdrawing  in  despair,  these  enthusiasts  formed  .1  subor- 
dinate association,  raised  a  new  fund,  and  embarked  on  the 
venture  afresh. 

England,  then,  unwillingly  resigned  her  prize,  and  Caen  was 
despatched  to  reclaim  Quebec  from  the  reluctant  hands  of 
Thomas  Kirk.  The  latter,  obedient  to  an  order  from  the  King 
of  England,  struck  his  flag,  embarked  his  followers,  and  aban- 
doned the  scene  of  his  conquest. 

In  the  following  spring,  1633,  on  the  twenty-third  of  May, 
Champlain,  commissioned  anew  by  Richelieu,  resumed  command 
at  Quebec  in  behalf  of  the  Company. 

Two  years  passed.  The  mission  of  the  Hurons  was  estab- 
lished, aiid  here  the  indomitable  Brebeuf,  with  a  band  worthy 
of  him,  toiled  amid  miseries  and  perils  as  fearful  as  ever  shook 
the  constancy  of  man ;  while  Champlain  at  Quebec,  in  a  life 
uneventful,  yet  harassing  and  laborious,  was  busied  in  the  round 
of  cares  which  his  post  involved. 

Christmas  day,  1635,  was  t  dark  day  in  the  annals  of  New 
France.  In  a  chamber  of  the  fort,  breathless  and  cold,  lay  the 
hardy  frame  which  war,  the  wilderness,  and  the  sea  bad  buffeted 
80  long  in  vain.  After  two  months  and  a  half  of  illness,  Cham- 
plain, at  the  age  of  sixty-eight,  was  dead.  His  last  cares  were 
for  his  colony  and  the  succor  of  its  sufl'ering  families.  Jesuits, 
oflScers,  soldiers,  traders,  and  the  few  settlers  of  Quebec  followed 
his  remains  to  the  church ;  Le  Jeune  pronounced  his  eulogy, 
and  the  feeble  community  built  a  tomb  to  his  honor. 


fi4 


CHAMPLAIN  AND  HIS  ASSOCIATES. 


The  colony  could  ill  spare  him.  For  twenty-seven  years 
he  had  labored  hard  and  ceaselessly  for  its  welfare,  sacrificing 
fortune,  repose,  and  domestic  peace  to  a  cause  embraced  with 
enthusiasm  and  pursued  with  intrepid  persistency.  His  char- 
acter belonged  partly  to  the  past,  partly  to  the  present.  The 
preux  chevalier,  the  crusader,  the  romance-loving  explorer,  the 
ourious,  knowledge-seeking  traveler,  the  practical  navigator,  all 
claimed  their  share  in  him. 

His  views,  though  far  beyond  those  of  the  mean  spirits  around 
him,  belonged  to  his  age  and  his  creed.  He  was  less  statesman 
than  soldier.  He  leaned  to  the  most  direct  and  boldest  policy, 
and  one  of  his  last  acts  was  to  petition  Eichelieu  for  men  and 
munitions  for  repressing  that  standing  menace  to  the  colony,  the 
Iroquois.  His  dauntless  courage  v^as  matched  by  an  unwearied 
patience,  a  patience  proved  by  life-long  vexations,  and  not  wholly 
subdued  even  by  the  saintly  follies  of  his  wife.  He  is  charged 
with  credulity,  from  which  few  of  his  age  were  free,  and  which 
in  all  ages  has  been  the  foible  of  earnest  and  generous  natures, 
too  ardent  to  criticise,  and  too  honorable  to  doubt  the  honor  of 
others. 

Perhaps  in  his  later  years  the  heretic  might  like  him  more 
had  the  Jesuit  liked  him  less.  The  adventurous  explorer  of 
Lake  Huron,  the  bold  invader  of  the  Iroquois,  befits  but  indif- 
ferently the  monastic  sobrieties  of  the  fort  of  Quebec  and  his 
somber  environment  of  priests.  Yet  Cham  plain  was  no  formal- 
ist, nor  was  his  an  empty  zeal.  A  soldier  from  his  youth,  in  an 
age  of  unbridled  license,  his  life  had  answered  to  his  maxims ; 
and  when  a  generation  had  passed  after  his  visit  to  the  Hurons, 
their  elders  remembered  with  astonishment  the  continence  of  the 
great  French  war-chief. 

His  books  mark  the  man, — all  for  his  theme  and  his  purpose, 
nothing  for  himself.  Crude  in  style,  full  of  the  superficial  errors 
of  carelessness  and  haste,  rarely  diffuse,  often  brief  to  a  fault, 
they  bear  on  every  page  the  palpable  impress  of  truth. 

With  the  life  of  the  faithful  soldier  closes  the  opening  period 
of  New  France. 


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THE  BOOK  IS  DIVIDED  INTO  THE  FOLLOWING  PERIODS: 

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to  Elizabeth,  1400-153S.  Period  IV. — Elizabeth's  reicn,  1558-1603.  Period 
V. — From  Elizabeth's  death  to  the  Restoration,  1603-1660.  Period  VI.— 
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Death  to  the  French  Revolution,  1745-1789.  Period  VIII. — From  the  French 
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ELEMENIARY  ENGLISH 
Longfellow — Evangelii  e 

FIRST-YEAR  ENGLISH 
GRAMMAR 

Irving — Essays  from  the  Sketch-Book:  **The 
Mutability   of  Literature,"  and  "The  Stage 

Coach" 

LITERATURE 

Irving — Essays  from  the  Sketch-Book:  ••The 
Voyage,"  "The  Wife,"  "Rip  Van  Winkle," 
••The  Art  of  Book-Making,"  "Christmas," 
••The  Stage-Coach,"  "Christmas  Eve," 
"Christmas  Day,"  "Stratford -on -Avon," 
•*  The  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow  " 

Scott — Ivanhoe 

Scott— The  Lady  of  the  Lake 

Longfellow — The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish .  . 

Whittier — Snow-Bound 

SECOND-YEAR  ENGLISH 

LITERAIURE 

Hawthorne — Twice-Told  Tales :  ••  The  Minister's 
Black  Veil,"  "Howe's  Masquerade,"  "Lady 
Eleanore's  Mantle,"  "Old  Esther  Dudley," 
••Mr.  Higginbotham's  Catastrophe,"  "The 
Prophetic  Pictures,"  "  David  Swan,"  "  Sights 

from  a  Steeple  " , 

Addison — Sir  Roger  de  Covcrley , 

Ruskin — Sesame  and  Lilies 

Coleridge — The  Ancient  Mariner 

Burns— The  Cotter's  Saturday  Ni^ht , 

Lowell — The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal , 

George  Eliot — Silas  Marner , 

Shakespeare — Julius  Caesar , 

Webster — First  Bunker  Hill  Oration , 


ia5-xa6 


333-234 


n. 


223-334 

« 

236-337-338 

230 

X30 


X88-189 

x8 
225-226 

17 

9 
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170-171-172 
Kellogg'sEd 


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* 


*Where  no  prices  are  given,  the  work  has  not  yet  been  added  to  this  series, 
or  is  published  in  an  at)ridged  f  orxn  only.  Septexnl>er.  1003. 


'«« 


THIRD- YEAR  ENGLISH 

LITERATURE 

Milton— L'AUegro  and  II  Penseroso 

Milton — Comus 

Locke— Of  the  Conduct  of  the  Understanding. 

Pope — Essay  on  Criticism 

Macaulay — Essay  on  Milton 

Carlyle — Essay  on  Burns 

Emerson — Compensation 

Arnold — Sohrab  and  Rustum 

Shakespeare — The  Merchant  of  Venice 

Shakespeare — As  You  Like  It 

Thackeray — The  Virginians 


29 
228-229 

26 
102-103 
70 
194 
124 
Kellogg'sEd 
Kellogg'sEd 


ENGLISH  READING 

Texts  for  the  Academic  Years  1903, 1904,  and  1905 
FOR   GENERAL    READING   AND  COMPOSITION 

WORK 

Shakespeare— The  Merchant  of  Venice 

Shakespeare — Julius  Caesar 

Addison— Sir  Roger  de  Coverlcy 

Goldsmith— The  Vicar  of  Wakefield 

Coleridge— The  Ancient  Mariner 

Scott — Ivanhoe 

Carlyle — Essay  on  Burns 

Tennyson — The  Princess 

Lowell — The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal 

George  Eliot — Silas  Marner 

FOR  CAREFUL  STUDY 

'         Burke — Speech  on  Conciliation 

Shakespeare — Macbeth 

Milton — Minor  Poems: 

L'AUegro  and  U  Penseroso 

Comus 

Lycida?,  and  Hymn  on  the  Nativity 

Macaulay — Essay  on  Milton 

Macaulay — Essay  on  Addison 

ADVANCED  ENGLISH 

Irving — Essays  from  The  Sketch-Book :     "  The 
Mutability  of  Literature,"  and  "The  Stage- 

Coach  " 

LITERATURE 

Scott— The  Lady  of  the  Lake , , 

ENGLISH  COMPOSITION 

Scott — ^Ivanhoe 


Kellogg'sEd 
Kellogg'sEd 

18 

* 

Id 

70 

195-196 

129 

170-171-172 

221-222 

Kellogg'sEd 

2 

20 

46 
102-103 
104-105 


n. 


223-224 
236-237-238 


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.12 
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.12 
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.12 
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RHETORIC 

Hawthorne— Twice-Told  Tales;  "  The  Minister's 
Black  Veil,"  "Howe's  Masquerade,"  "Lady 
Eleanore's  Mantle,"  "  Old  Esther  Dudley," 
"Mr.  Higginbotham's  Catastrophe,"  "The 
Prophetic  Pictures,"  "  David  Swan,"  "  Sights 
from  a  Steeple  " , 


AMERICAN  SELECTIONS 


Cooper — The  Last  of  the  Mohicans , 

Hawthorne — House  of  the  Seven  Gables , 

Bryant — Thanatopsis 

Lowell — The     Present     Crisis,     My     Garden 
Acquaintance,  A  Glance  Behind  the  Curtain, 

Commemoration  Ode 

Longfellow — The  Hanging  cf  the  Crane 

Taylor — Lars 

Mitchell — Reveries  of  a  Bachelor , 

Irving — The  Alhambra 

Emerson — Nature , 

Franklin — Autobiography 

Washington — Farewell  Address 

Lincoln — Gettysburg  Address 


ENGLISH  SELECTIONS 

Chaucer — The  Prologue  to  the  Canterbury  Tales 

Spenser — Prothalamion 

Shakespeare — The  Tempest 

Dryden — Song  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  and  Alexan- 
der's Feast 

Wordsworth — Laodameia,  and  Lines  Composed 
Above  Tintern  Abbey 

Byron — The  Prisoner  of  Chillon 

Tennyson — The  Coming  of  Arthur  t 

Tennyson— The  Holy  Grail  t 

Browning- -The  Lost  Leader,  The  Boy  and  the 
Angel 

Browning — Hervt^  Riel,  Pheidlppides 

Bacon — Essays  on  Studies,  Truth,  Travel 

Burke—  Speech  on  Conciliation 

Carlyle — Heroes  and  Hero  Worship 

Macaulay — Essay  on  Bacon 


I. 

n. 

188-180 

.34 

Special  No. 

.40 

« 

* 

47 

.12 

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>«■ 

* 

* 

* 

* 

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78 

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13 

Special  No. 

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27 

.12 

Kellogg'sEd 

.30 

39 

.12 

90 

.12 

4 

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221-222 

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Z.20 


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1.20 
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3.60 
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3.00 

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1.20 

1,20 
I  2C 
1.20 
2.4c 

* 
* 


tTennyson's  The  Holy  Grail  and  The  Coming  of  Arthur  are  published  as 
Nos.  Qi  and  128  of  Maynard's  English  Classic  Series,  bound  in  paper  covers,  at 
12  cents  each,  and  they  are  also  contained  in  Idylls  of  the  King,  No.  233-234-235 
of  the  series,  bound  in  cioth,  at  36  cents  a  copy. 


14 


$5  Shelley— Skylark,  Adonais,  and  other 
Poems. 

86  Dickens  -The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth. 

Abridged. 

87  Spencer— The  Philosophy  of  Style. 

88  liiim'»— Essays  of  El  ill.    Selected. 

89  Co»Tp'^r— The  Task,  IJook  II. 
DO  Wordswortli — Selected  Poems. 

yi  Tennyson— The  Holy  tirail,    and   Sir 
Oalahad. 

92  Addison— Cato. 

93  Irrinj?— "Westminster    Abbey,    and 

Christniais  Sketches. 
04-95  Maciiulay— jEarl    of    Chatham. 
Second  Essay. 

96  Early  English  Buliads. 

97  Skelton,  Wyatt,  and  Surrey— Selected 

Poems. 

98  Edwin  Arnold— Selected  Poems. 

99  Cttxtou  and  Daniel— Selections. 

100  Fuller  and  Hooker—Selections. 

101  Marlowe-Tho  Jew  of  Dlalta.     Abgd. 
lO'J-103  Macaulay— Essay  on  Milton. 
101-10.>  Macaulay— EsHay  on  Addison. 

106  Macaulay— Essay  on  Vosneli's  Life 

of  .Johnson. 

107  Mandevllle's  T  arels  and  Wycliffe's 

Bible. 
108-109  Macaulay— .;ssay  on   Frederick 

the  (ilreat. 
1 10-1 1 1  Milton— Samson  A^onistes. 
112-113-111  Franklin— Autobiography. 
115-116  Church— Stories    of   Crwsus, 

Cyrus,  and  Babylon,  from  Herodotus. 

117  Irving— The  Alhambra.     Selections. 

1 18  Burke— Present  Discontents. 

119  Burke— Speech  on  Co.nciliation  with 

the  American  Colonies.    Abridged. 

120  Macaulay— Essay  on  Byron. 
121-122  Motley— Peter  the  Cire.">t. 

123  Emerson— The  American  Scholar. 

124  Arnold— Sohrab  and  Uustum. 
125-126  Lonerfellow— Evangeline. 

127  Hans    (-hristian     Andersen— Danish 

Fairy  Tales.    Selected. 

128  Tennysoki— The   Coming  of  Arthur, 

and  The  Passing?  of  Arthur. 

129  Lowell-The  Vision  of  Sir   Launfal, 

and  other  Poems. 

130  Whittier— Snow-Hound,    Songs    of 

Labor,  and  other  Poems. 

131  Words  of  Abraham  LincoW. 

132  Orimm— Uormau     Fairy     Tales. 

Selected. 

133  iEsop-Fables.    Selected. 

134  Arabian     Murhts :    Aladdin,   or  the 

Wonderful  Lamp. 
T.1.5-136  The  Psalter.    Revised  Version. 
137-138  Scott— Ivanhoe.     Abridged. 
139-140  Scott-Kenllw<»rth.    Abridged. 
141-142  Scott-The  Talisman.    Abgd. 
143  (jlods  and  Heroes  of  the  North. 
144-145  Pope  — Ilo.ner's  Iliad.  Selections 

from  Books  I. -VI II.  i 

146  Four  Mediaeval  Chroniclers. 

147  Daiite— The  Inferno.     Condensed, 
148-149  The  Book  of  .Job.    Uev.  Version.  I 

1 50  Bow-AVow  and  Mew-Mew.  I 

151  The  NUrnberg  Stove. 


In 


152  ITayne— Speech. 

153  Carroll— Alice's   Adventures 

Wonderland.     Condensed. 
154-155  Dtd'oe— Journal  of  the    Plague. 

Abridged. 
156-157  More~rtopia.    Abridged. 
15S-1  r>9  Lamb— Essays. 
160-161  Burke— Ueilect  Ions    on    the 

French  Bevolution.    Selected. 
162-163  Macaulay— History  of  England. 

Chapter  i. 
161-165-166  Prescott— The   Conquest  of 

Mexico.    Abridged. 

167  Longfellow— Voices  of  the  INight,  and 

other  Poems. 

168  Hawthorne — A    Wonder    Book.      Se- 

lected Tales. 

169  De  (^uincey-Fllpht  of  a  Tartar  Tribe. 
170-1  71-172  («eorge  Eliot— Silas  Marner. 
173  Buskin— The    King    of    the    tJoiden 

Klver,  and  Dame  Wiggins  of  Lee  and 
her  Seven  Wonderful  Cats. 
174-175  Irving— Talcs   of  a   Traveler. 
Selected. 

176  Ruskin— Of  Kings'  Treasuries. 

177  Ruskin— Of  (Queens'  tJardens. 

178  Macaulay — Samuel  .Johnson. 
179-180  Defoe -Ilobinson  Crusoe. 
181-182-183  Wykes— r^  hakes  peare 

Reader. 
184  Hawthorne— Grandfather's  Chair. 

Part  I. 
185-186  Southey— The.  Life    of   Nelson. 

Condensed. 
187  Curtis— The  Public.Duty  of  Educated 

Men. 
188-189  Hawthorne-Twice-Told  Tales. 

Selected. 
190-191  Chesterfleld-Letters. 

192  English  and  American  Sonnets. 

193  Emerson— Self- itelinnce. 

194  Emerson — Compensation. 
195-106  Tennyson— The  Princess. 
197-198  Pope— Homer's  Iliad.    Books  I., 

VL,  XXIL,  XXIV. 

199  Plato-Crito. 

200  A  Dog  of  Flanders. 

201-202  Drydon— Palamou  and  Arclte. 
203  Hawtborne— The   hnow  Imni^e,   The 

(Jreat  Stone  Face,  Little  Datfydown- 

diHy 


204 
205 
206 
208 


Poe— The  Gold  Buff. 


Holmes— Selected  Poems. 

207  Kingsley— The  Water  Babies. 

Hood— Selected  Poems. 

209  Tennyson— The   Palace  of  Art,  and 

other  Poems. 

210  Browning— Saul,  and  other  Poems. 

211  Matthew  Arnold— Selected  Poems. 
212-213  Scott-The  Lay  of  the    Last 

Minstrel. 

214  Paul's  Trip  with  the  Moon. 

215  Cralk-The  Little  Lame  Prince. 
210  Speeches  of  Lincoln  and  Douglas  lu 

1858.    Selected. 
217  Hawthorne— Tmo  Tanglewood  Tales. 
218-219  Loiigfellow—Hianatha. 
220  Dante  Gabriel  Roasetti-Selected 

Poems. 


i^\i 


221-222  liarke—Speech  on  Conciliation 
with  the  Anieri<^an  Colonies. 

22»-2'i4  Irrfugr  -Assays  from  the  Sketch- 
Book. 

■225-226  IfuskJn— Sesame  and  Lilies. 

•i  27  K  nj  e  rson  —  Ji  at  a  r e . 

22S-229  Locke— Of  the  Conduct  of  the 


Tli^  Courtship  of  Miles 


280  Longfellow 
Htandisli. 
281-232  A  Child's  Kook  of  Poetry. 
238-284-285  Teunisou— Idylls   of 

286-237-288  Scott— The   Lady    of 

Lake.    Complete. 
839-240  firady— The    Jiew    houth, 

other  Addresses. 


the 
the 
and 


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Merchant  of  Venice. 

Macbeth. 

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Kilisr  Hichard  III. 

The  Winter's  Tale. 


Twelfth  Sight. 
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Much  Ado  about 

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King  Henry  V. 


Kinp  Henry  lY.,  Part  I. 

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HISTORICAL    CLASSIC   READINGS 

WITH  INTRODUCTION  AND  EXPLANATORY  NOTES. 

For  Classes  in  History,  Reading,  and  Literature. 


Wabhinoton 
Capt.  John 


1  BiKcovery  of  America. 

Irving. 

2  Settlement  of  Virginia. 

tSiima. 

8  History     of    Plymouth     Plantation. 

Gov.  William  Bradfoiu). 

4  Kiiif?  Philip's  War,  and  Witchcraft  in 

^pn  I'jigiand.    Gov.  Thomaa  Hutcu- 

5  Discovery    and    EspIoratioK   ^ 


JOBM  QlULiKY 

Associates. 


Mississippi  Valley 
Sbka. 
0  Champlain      and      His 
Fhancis  Farkmak. 

7  Braddock's   Defeat.     Fbancis  Pabk- 

MAN 

8  First     Battles    of    the    BeToIutiAn. 

Edward  Everett. 
0  Colonial  Pioneers.    Jahkb  Parton. 
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